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Summary: A history of the Catholic Church in Plumstead, England.

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Summary: A record of the defense given by Rev. A. P. Perceval of the Church of England who refused to give funeral rights for a man who had committed suicide.

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Summary: A dialogue on predestination.

Summary: A repudiation of the understanding of "prodigies," monstrous births in humans or animals, as signs from God.

Summary: A response to a published letter by Henry Woods against Rev. A. P. Perceval for his refusal to perform the burial rights for a man who committed suicide.

Summary: A sermon preached in honor of the announcement of the queen's pregnancy.

Summary: A funeral sermon delivered by Taylor Thomas in honor of John Wesley.

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Summary: From 1766 to 1792

Summary: From 1793 to 1816

Summary: From 1816 to 1828

Summary: From 1829 to 1840

Summary: From 1793 to 1816

Summary: History of the Methodist Episcopal Church from the year 1793 to the year 1816.

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Summary: "This sixteen-page pamphlet includes two 1744 letters from James Habersham to Whitefield relating to the Bethesda (house of mercy) Orphan House ... [providing] details on the spiritual and temporal condition of the orphanage."

Summary: A published letter by John Wesley urging understanding and mutual respect between Protestants and Catholics.

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An account of the mission work of John Marrant amongst the Cherokee.

Summary: An autobiography of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw.

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Summary: A report and plea to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel for additional funding for diocese in the British colonies in North America.

Summary: An extract from a work by William Law on the nature of man, perfection, and revelation through Christ.

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Summary: "According to Whitefield’s wishes, his long-time friend and fellow founder of Methodism, John Wesley, preached this funeral sermon at both of Whitefield’s London chapels. While Whitefield’s Calvinist colleagues understandably objected to Wesley’s omission of his Calvinism, it was nonetheless a heartfelt tribute to his dear friend and fellow evangelist.

Summary: A sermon on Ephesians V, 14.

Summary: A sermon preached for the Feast of St. Augustine.

Summary: A sermon preached in honor of Charles II, King of England, following his death.

Summary: A sermon preached in honor of the king's victory over rebel forces.

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Summary: A sermon delivered by W. Hobrow in honor of John Wesley.

Summary: A sermon delivered by Henry Moore in honor of John Wesley.

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Summary: An account of the death of Mrs. Hannah Richardson.

Summary: A justification for reading James II's declaration of indulgence in spite of the Archbishop of Canterbury's objections.

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Summary: A brief biography of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther.

Summary: An account of the Rye House Plot, a conspiracy against the British monarchy.

Summary: "Whitefield’s letter replies to an anonymous pamphlet that was critical of the revival in New England, questioning its authenticity and labelling it fanatical."

Summary: A missionary report detailing work with the Armenian population in Constantinople (Istanbul) in Turkey.

Summary: One of six 1523 editions of a collection of sermons delivered by Luther in 1522, directed against A. Karlstadt.

Summary: Second printing of the eight sermons Luther preached on his return from Wartburg Castle, March 9-16, 1522. They dealt with the mass, the Lord's Supper, images, fating, auricular confession, and other topics. These sermons allowed Luther to restore order in Wittenberg and put and end to the Tumults that had griped the city during his absence.

Summary: In 1518 Luther was summoned to Rome. He appealed to Frederick, Elector of Saxony who was attending the imperial Diet in Augsburg. Frederick negotiated with the Papal Legate Cajetan who finally agreed to a hearing in Augsburg. Luther went there with an imperial escort and then returned safely to Wittenberg. This is Luther's report of what took place in Augsburg. It is the fifth printing of the "Acta Augustana."

Summary: When Luther received S. Mazzolini's Dialogue on the 95 Theses, he put it into print at once to show just how weak a piece Mazzolini had written. He followed it up with the present work which includes Mazzolini's text and Luther's reply to it. Even the Pope is said to have been embarrassed by Mazzolini's poor performance in this work. The Dominicans are reported to have bought up the first edition, presumably to prevent its further circulation.

Summary: A unique printing of an answer by Luther to the attacks of one his earliest opponents, Johann Eck.

Summary: This is the first collection of the Latin works of Luther to appear in print. Works by other authors (Mazzolini, Eck, and Karlstadt) are also included for historical perspective (and current reference). In part, this work is a kind of "position paper" to help clarify the issues of the upcoming Leipzig Disputation. This volume is quite rare. The first collection of the writings of Martin Luther; the original edition published by Johann Froben at Basel in 1518.

Summary: Fredrick the Wise asked Luther to write to Emperor Charles V after the publication of his Open letter to the Christian Nobility in order to express his loyalty. Spalatin convinced Luther to write this letter of submission and edited it for publication.

Summary: First edition of Luther's response to Hieronymus Emser's report of the Leipzig Disputation between Martin Luther, Andreas Bodenstein Karlstadt and Johann Eck. Emser, who had been initially sympathetic to Luther's position had accompanied Eck to Leipzig, where he broke with the reformer. In his report, he tried to associate Luther with the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus, who had been burnt at the stake during the Council of Constance in 1415.

Summary: Johann Eck responds in this early work to Luther's pamphlet "Contra malignum Iohannis Eccii iudicium."

Summary: This is another academic disputation by Eck at Ingolstadt on monastic vows including 160 theses "in praise of those men who practice the monastic life."

An engraving of a framed image of Adam naming animals as detailed in Genesis 2:20. The framed image sits above a plinth with the inscription: "And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field:". Above the framed image are symbols of the Old and New Testaments, including the tablets of the Ten Commandments, a Sefer Torah, a Cross, and a crown of thorns flanking a glowing star shape potentially representing the Holy Spirit. The entire composition is surrounded by floral decorations held aloft by three birds.

Summary: Poetic paraphrases of the Psalms by the humanist and reformer Adam Siber.

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Summary: German translation by Ludwig Hätzer of Epistola contra Judaeorum, thought to be written in Arabic by Samuel of Marocco, an apostate Jew at the beginning of the 11th century and translated into Latin by the Spanish Dominican Alphonsus Bonihominis in the 14th century and widely disseminated. Bonihominis is likely the real author of the work.

Summary: This work is an anonymous translation to German from Latin of Luther's letter (Ad inlustrissimum principem Carolum Sabaudiae ducem Epistola) to Duke Charles III of Savoy, dated September 7, 1523.

Summary: First printing of an early Advent sermon by Luther, focusing on the signs of the impending end of the world.

Summary: H. Sachs the Nuremberg "Master-Singer" and shoemaker became an early and ardent supporter of Luther and the Protestant cause. In this "trio-logue" a baker named Peter, a monk named Heinrich, and a shoemaker named Hans discuss questions relating to monastic life and monastic vows. The work is in prose, a change from Sachs' usual rhymed couplet format. This printing is from the same year as the first printing and re-uses the woodcut from the title page of the first printing.

Summary: Sermon preached June 9, 1522, on John III, 16, "For God so loved the world ..."

Summary: Sermon preached August 10, 1522, on Matthew 7:15-23 (Beware of False Prophets).

Summary: Sermon preached July 27, 1522, on Matthew 5:20ff. (Unless your righteousness is greater than that of the Pharisees, etc,.).

Summary: Sermon preached April 2, 1523 (Maundy Thursday), on the value and efficacy of the Holy Sacrament.

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Summary: Sermon by Martin Luther criticizing the adoration of the cross and supposed relics of the Passion.

Summary: A sermon by Luther admonishing the directing of one's attentions not to the wealth of the church and its relics, but to the needs of the poor.

Summary: Sixth of six printings to appear in 1525, the year of its initial printing, of this sermon by Luther on the strengthening of faith and love.

Summary: Sermon preached March 24th, 1525, on Timothy 1:18-2:29.

Summary: This is possibly the first printing of J. von Staupitz's tract on the love of God. Written as a New Year's greeting for some of Staupitz's friends, the work was highly valued by Luther and became a spiritual classic, frequently reprinted and re-edited.

Summary: Polemical dialogue between a peasant and a monk, who had lost his livelihood after the dissolution of his monastery. The peasant advises the monk to try his hand at "real work".

Summary: Treatise by Melanchthon against the peasants' revolt of the mid 1520's.

Summary: Early sermon of Luther's on preparing for death. One of twenty-two German printings to appear in six years.

Summary: First and possibly only edition of a sermon by Mathäus Alber on the resurrection of Christ. Alber was an active reformer in Swabia, particularly in Reutlingen and Esslingen.

Summary: "Translated from the Slavonic approved by the Moscow Ecclesiastical Censor Committee, May 1912."

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

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Summary: Sermon preached June 9, 1522, on John 3:16 (God So Loved The World).

Summary: Sermon preached in Erfurt, October 21, 1522, on Matthew 25:1ff. (Wise and Foolish Virgins).

Summary: A selection of criticisms of Luther's views on the spiritual origins of the Papacy by one of his early opponents, Ambrosius Catharinus, edited by another of his early opponents, Hieronymus Emser, and dedicated by Emser to a third Luther opponent, Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altenzelle.

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Summary: An appeal by Protestants to William III and Mary II to recognize the grievances of Protestants against Catholicism.

A declaration by the New York State Assembly declaring that "Slavery cannot exist by the Constitution and Laws of this State."

Summary: A speech delivered on the occasion of the consecration of the cemetery in Rutland, Massachusetts.

Summary: Addressed to Johann Friedrich of Saxony and Philipp of Hesse, relating to the imprisonment of Heinrich of Brunswick as a prisoner of war.

Summary: Written by Mary Fletcher about her adopted daughter, this book is open to her description of Sarah Lawrance's preaching: "Her method was, after singing and prayer, to read some life, experience, or some awakening author, stopping now and then, to explain and apply it as the Lord gave her utterance."

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Summary: A treatise explaining what the process of conversion is, describing its necessity, and how to identify those who may be in need of conversion.

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Summary: An itemized response to a set of tenets set forth by Protestants.

Summary: A call for assistance and support of mission work in Istanbul.

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Summary: Fourth edition of the "Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation," one of Luther's most important pamphlets, in which he develops some of the central ideas of his theology, including the principle of universal priesthood. He also discusses the possibility of a German national church.

Summary: After Albrecht, Duke of Prussia and last of the Masters of the Teutonic Knights, became a Protestant, he sought out preachers to fill the pulpits in his territory. Some were Lutherans, others were followers of Schwenckfeld. Luther here warns Albrecht about the heretical tendencies of the Schwenckfelders. Albrecht came increasingly under the influence of F. Von Heideck (a Schwenckfelder) and was not especially impressed by Luther's arguments against the use of John 6 in the interpretation of the Lord's Supper.

Summary: Luther's reply to a letter from Duke Albrecht of Brandenburg, concerning the interpretation of John VI with reference to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A reply to Martin Luther's "An den Bock zu Leipzig."

Summary: Sixth printing of a letter addressed to Albrecht von Brandenburg (later Albert, Duke of Prussia) the new General of the Teutonic Knights. In response to a question by the general, Luther applies his critique of monastic celibacy to military orders, stressing that it is pleasing to God to have families and to raise children.

Summary: Radical reformers such as Karlstadt believed that education was unnecessary for faith. Luther argued against such a position, asking all cities to set up schools to teach correct doctrine. He also emphasized the need for teaching Latin and Greek as part of Christian education. This is the first printing of this important tract.

Summary: This is the ninth printing of Luther's treatise addressed top the councilmen of Germany that they should promote the building of schools.

Summary: In 1523, Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights formerly embraced Lutheranism and secularized the lands of the order in Prussia. Luther was named as his court preacher, and was one of Duke Albert's most trusted advisors. This is a letter to the members of the order, advising them to reject their vows of celibacy and marry.

Summary: An elegy celebrating George Whitefield.

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Summary: An abridged translation of the Imitatio Christi, originally published by Wesley in 1735.

Summary: An abridged translation of the Imitatio Christi, originally published by Wesley in 1735.

Summary: An abridgement of his Memoirs, edited, and with a preface, by John Wesley.

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Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

Summary: A biography of Anjama, a young woman from Ghana, who converted to Christianity.

Summary: In this volume, Hieronymous Emser, who had himself translated the New Testament from Greek into German, provides a chapter by chapter commentary and critique on Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament.

Summary: Polemical response, by Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altenzelle, and an early opponent of Luther, to Luther's letter of 1530 to Albert, Archbishop of Mainz. Albert was inclined towards a peaceful solution to the issues of the Reformation.

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Summary: A sympathetic Strasbourg printing of the Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote a great deal on the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His determination to afford the laity and active part in the celebration was to have disastrous consequences for him both professionally and personally.

Summary: In response to an ultimatum to the Lutheran princes and cities from Emperor Charles V to return to the pre-Reformation status quo within six months, Luther here issues some of his strongest polemic.

Summary: This is the summer Section of Luther's postils, as edited by S. Roth. Luther was not at all pleased with Roth's slip-shod editing. Roth took sermons from whatever sources were available, including from other people (notably Bugenhagen) when copies of Luther sermons could not be found. He also conflicted some sermons, condensed others, and rewrote several.

Summary: Luther certainly had his problems with printers, as this edition of his "Winter Postil" testifies. Michael Lotter issued this new edition without Luther's approval. The editors took great labors, but found no favor in Wittenberg, and this edition was never reprinted.

Summary: Second printing of a collection of sermons by Luther on Exodus 19-20, which includes the 10 commandments. The sermons were given between 1524 and 1527 and were first published in 1528.

Summary: This is the second printing of Luther's Lenten Postils separate from other sermon collections. Kohl of Regensburg had issued the first printing the previous year. Of interest is the large initial on page a3a.

Summary: The third of three printings of an exposition of Psalm 109 by Luther to be issued in 1518, interpreting the Psalm of the Kingdom and Priesthood of Jesus Christ.

Summary: Only edition of an early work by Karlstadt addressing questions of what constitutes a Christian life.

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Shipwreck on the Bahama banks with a quotation from the Bible (Job 33:14-16, 29-30) under it.

Summary: Important description of S. Maria Maggiore in its unaltered Renaissance state, before extensive renovations of Ferdinand Fuga in 1743.

Shifting in time between the years preceding the Civil War and the years immediately following it. "Beloved" is the story of how an escaped slave tries to overcome the tragic death of her daughter. Morrison's lyrical narrative weaves together the supernatural and the tangible, and the result is a dazzling achievement and a spellbinding reading experience.

This view of the Belvedere Gardens and Courtyard at the Vatican is particularly important since it shows the courtyard as it was originally designed by Donato Bramante in 1505. Bramante's design offered an unobstructed prospect from the papal apartments (at left) through the length of the courtyard to the exedra, the semi-circular structure at the right of the image. This perspectival view was later blocked by the construction of a library for Pope Sixtus V in 1587-89.

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A photocopy of a translation of a section of Beowulf by Seamus Heaney.

Summary: When Blarer was asked by Duke Ulrich of Württemberg to introduce the Reformation in the duchy, he tried to mediate between Zwingli and the Lutherans in the matter of the eucharist. He came to Stuttgart in 1534 to support a compromise and was criticized for abandoning the position he had held while still in Konstanz. In this tract he defends himself against these criticisms and affirms his support of the Stuttgart Concord.

Summary: Short tract by Andreas Osiander in defense of his view of justification.

Summray: Andreas Fabricius was a Lutheran pastor and educator. This short tract is a discussion of biblical law and a defense of the doctrine of justification by faith.

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Summary: A later printing of Luther's translation of the Bible, lavishly illustrated with wood-engravings, some from the earlier printings.

A bill of sale documenting the sale of a thirty-five year old man, Bob, by John B. Farly to Thomas B. Vaughan for $325 in North Carolina.

A bill of sale documenting the sale of a fifty-five year old man, Gabriel, by Sarah [Carneal] to Rev. Thomas Gooch for $230 in Logan County, [Kentucky].

Summary: This collection of biographies was compiled by Zachariah Taft in 1825 to record the ministry of women in the early days of Methodism, lest they "drop into oblivion." Included are the biographies of Susanna Wesley, Mary Fletcher and Sarah Lawrance. The book is opened to John Wesley�s response to Mary Fletcher's letter about women preachers. He says she has "an extraordinary call" and is to continue preaching.

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Summary: A brief biography of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther.

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Summary: In this book, one of the world's leading scholars on the history of religion in Africa shows how Christianity has been transformed as it has been adopted by black Africans, from the introduction of Christianity in the seventeenth century to the present. Richard Gray finds that Africans have not meekly accepted monolithic Western practices and interpretations but have appropriated Christian faith for specific needs and added to it insights of their own

Close your eyes--make the white gaze disappear. What is it like to be black and joyful, without submitting to the white gaze? This question, and its answer, is at the core of Black Imagination, a dynamic collection collection curated by artist and poet Natasha Marin. Born from a series of exhibitions and fueled by the power of social media (#blackimagination), the collection includes work from a range of voices who offer up powerful individual visions of happiness and safety, rituals and healing.

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Summary: A major influence on civil rights, anti-colonial, and black consciousness movements around the world, Black Skin, White Masks is the unsurpassed study of the black psyche in a white world. Hailed for its scientific analysis and poetic grace when it was first published in 1952, the book remains a vital force today from one of the most important theorists of revolutionary struggle, colonialism, and racial difference in history.

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Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on the book of Joshua, first published in 1549.

Summary: A short tract by Erasmus on the composition of letters.

Summary: Joachim Westphal was a gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Superintendent in Hamburg. A major opponent of the Interims of Augsburg and Leipzig, he argued that Catholic liturgical practices were not adiaphora (morally indifferent acts that were either required nor prohibited), but needed to be rejected completely.

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Summary: "...a political sermon by Whitefield displaying the British Protestant patriotism and anti-Catholicism that he shared with many evangelicals."

Summary: First printing of the first edition of Hutten's edition of the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which condemns as heretical 41 statements by Martin Luther and offers Luther 60 days to recant. Hutten issued the bull with the papal coat of arms on the title page, and offers his own glosses, introduction, and call to Leo to keep his bulls to himself, and not to bother the German Protestants any longer.

Summary: A historical, social, religious, and natural history of the ancient world.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

A carte-de-visite bust-length portrait of Sojourner Truth with the text [I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance./Sojourner Truth.] beneath the image. Truth is depicted wearing a light colored shawl and bonnet which is tied under her chin. She is slightly turned towards the proper right side of the photograph. The verso reads [Entered according to the act of Congress/in the year 1864, by SOJOURNER TRUTH,/in the Clerk's Office, of the US District/Court for the Eastern District of Mich.].

Summary: C. Schatzgeyer here writes on the veneration of the saints, the "friends of God". Catholic theology makes a sharp distinction between paying honor to saints (dulia) and worship of God (latria). This is the first printing of this work. No one knows for sure when it was written and printed.

Summary: Catechism by David Chytraeus, a student of Philipp Melanchthon's.

Summary: Johannes Brenz had written the first Protestant catechism in 1527, two years before Luther issued his large and small catechisms. This is a 1552 printing of the work.

Summary: Rhegius was a Reformer, active throughout Germany promoting Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg he was befriended by Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, under whose patronage he returned to Brunswick where he wrote the present work for Ernest's son, Francis Otto (1530-1559). Like many 16th c. catechisms, Rhegius' is in the form of a dialogue, in this instance between the teacher and the pupil (paedagogus et discipulus).

Summary: Third printing of the Ansbach Catechism by Andreas Althamer and Johannes Rurer, commissioned by Margrave Georg of Brandenburg. It has been called the first regional catechism of the Protestant movement. It contains 92 questions and answers as well as an appendix with 18 prayers.

Summary: Summary-style Lutheran catechism by Sebald Heyden, a humanist scholar and educator in Nuremberg. He was well known as a poet and composer of hymns and his book "De arte candendi" (On the art of singing) had a significant impact on the study and teaching of music.

Summary: Biographies of prominent Methodists.

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Summary: A collection of cartoons reflecting various biblical ethical and moral principles.

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Summary: A sermon on Philippians 3:12.

Summary: Augustinus Neser was a pastor in Ingolstadt. In this hortatory tract he discusses the importance of staying within the Catholic fold.

Summary: A German translation of Bugenhagen's "Short Admonition Full of Piety" to his neighbors in Bohemia, Silesia, and Lusatia, asking that they not give assistance to the Emperor and his troops in their war against the Protestants.

Summary: A significant treatise on predestination. Johann Eck expounds a view of free will and merit, which was soon to come under attack by Martin Luther and other Protestants.

Summary: A history of the City Road Chapel in London, England.

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Summary: Compilation by Johann Wigand of arguments made by the Reformer Paul Eber in support of the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

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Summary: Lecture delivered to the faculty and students of the University of Wittenberg on "the perils of these times" by Kaspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon's son-in-law. The perils to which he refers are the military threat of the Turks to the east, and the plague.

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Summary: This is a fine, well-preserved copy of a sixteenth century edition of the "Confessio Augustana and Melanchthon's Apology."

Summary: A 1553 printing of the Württemberg Confession, commissioned by Duke Christoph, drafted by Johannes Brenz in 1551 and signed by other Swabian theologians to be presented at the council of Trent in 1552.

Summary: Second printing of the first edition of a tract listing 91 errors in three sermons by Martin Luther.

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Summary: This is the second and much expanded edition of Luther's reply to Henry VIII's Assertion of the Seven Sacraments. Luther replies quite moderately (for him) to what he feels to be the King's unwarranted assertions on the Catholic Sacraments. This is the second printing of this edition.

Summary: Response by Mathias Flacius Illyricus, among the strictest of the Lutheran theologians of his time, to the views of the early Reformer of Nürnberg, Andreas Osiander, on Justification. Osiander emphasized the believer's being made righteous, as opposed to being declared righteous through Christ. Flacius reports on the title page that he had shared his views on this issue privately in writing with friends, but that they had been published without his permission and in a form unacceptable to him. This edition represents the official response by Flacius.

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Summary: In the past few years, a new generation of progressive intellectuals has dramatically transformed how law, race, and racial power are understood and discussed in America. Questioning the old assumptions of both liberals and conservatives with respect to the goals and the means of traditional civil rights reform, critical race theorists have presented new paradigms for understanding racial injustice and new ways of seeing the links between race, gender, sexual orientation, and class.

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Summary: After Luther had published the Ninety-five Theses, a broad academic debate spread across Germany on the question of the validity of indulgences. The debate was soon joined by Eck of Ingolstadt, representing the Catholic position. Karlstadt, a senior theologian at Wittenberg seems to have taken the lead in defending his colleague with his work, a series of disputations held at the University of Wittenberg beginning May 14, 1518, and continuing beyond July 7, 1518.

Summary: Composed by Erasmus of Rotterdam, at the latest, in 1533, this tract on preparing for death first appeared in printed form in Basel at the beginning of 1534. This printing was followed by the Cologne printing in April. It is dedicated to Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (1477-1539), the father of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Summary: A call for concord and harmony in the church by one of the great Humanists of the time.

Summary: First edition of the second Latin translation of Luther's Large Catechism, published earlier the same year. This translation was done Vincentius Opsopäus (Vinzenz Heidecker). Issued with it is the first Latin edition of Johann Brenz's catechism, first published in German in 1528 under the title "Fragstuck des christlichen Glaube[n]s für die Jugend zu Schwebische[n] Hall]."

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Summary: Public renunciation of his monastic vows and earlier teachings by Sebastian Meyer, a preacher in the city of Strassburg and an early follower of Martin Luther.

Summary: This is the first printing of the first part of Luther's translation of the Old Testament into idiomatic German. It comprises the Pentateuch, or the five Books of Moses. Scholars long believed that this edition had been destroyed by Luther's friends because of its many printing errors. This printing contains 11 full-page and six initial-figure woodcuts. The volume has been heavily annotated in an early to mid-sixteenth century hand.

Summary: The Book of Judith was probably written between 175 and 125 B.C. and is part of the literature known as the Apocrypha, composed between the Old and New Testament eras. The Catholic Church accepted the Apocrypha as canonical while Luther did not. The story is of the pious widow Judith who beheads the enemy general Holofernes after he has become drunk. It is reminiscent of Jael's killing of Sisera in Judges 4. This is apparently the only separate printing of this translation, issued the same year as the complete German Bible.

Summary: Parental consent was an issue during the Reformation. Catholic orthodoxy demanded parental consent of the bridal couple as it impacted property. Luther saw value in both sides, arguing that while parents ought not to be able to compel children to marry or prevent weddings, the children ought to seek their parents' consent.

Summary: Sermon preached May 27, 1526, on John 3:1-16 (Nicodemus).

Summary: Sermon preached July 20, 1522, on Luke 5:1-11 (Peter's large catch of fish).

Summary: The sixth printing (of ten in 1523) of Luther's early treatise, "That Jesus Christ was born a Jew", in which he denies the charges made against him that he did not believe in the Virgin Birth, but rather that Jesus was a naturally born child of Joseph and Mary. In this tract, Luther confesses that he believes that Jesus was born a Jew of the Virgin Mary. He also hopes that his teaching will bring more Jews to convert to Christianity.

Summary: The fifth printing of Luther's early treatise, "That Jesus Christ was born a Jew", in which he denies the charges made against him that he did not believe in the Virgin Birth, but rather that Jesus was a naturally born child of Joseph and Mary. In this tract, Luther confesses that he believes that Jesus was born a Jew of the Virgin Mary. He also hopes that his teaching will bring more Jews to convert to Christianity.

Summary: German translation by Wenzeslaus Linck of Epistola contra Judaeorum, thought to be written in Arabic by Samuel of Marocco, an apostate Jew at the beginning of the 11th century and translated into Latin by the Spanish Dominican Alphonsus Bonihominis in the 14th century and widely disseminated. Bonihominis is likely the real author of the work.

Summary: Luther wrote this exposition of the Magnificent (Luke 1:46-55) in March 1521. He dedicated it to Duke Johann Frederich of Saxony as a token of his thanks to the Duke for his support and encouragement after Luther's condemnation by Pope Leo X. Text in German includes Luther's German translation of the Magnificat from the N.T. Greek of St. Luke's Gospel.

Summary: Luther's translation from the original Greek of the New Testament is a landmark in the history of the German language. His forceful style ensured that his Thuringian-Saxon dialect would provide the standard for High German in years to come. From a religious standpoint, Luther's decision to refer to the original Greek rather than merely to translate the Vulgate ensured that the German New Testament would be much more faithful to the original. Erasmus' New Testament provided the basis for the translation.

Summary: Luther's German translation of the Wittenberg usage of the Catholic rite of Baptism (Ordo baptizandi). The work was reprinted fifteen times between 1523 and 1526, when Luther issued a revised edition.

Summary: The Second printing of Luther's book, "Against the Heavenly Prophets addresses A. Karlstadt's doctrine of the Sacraments. This is the second printing of this work in its year of issue.

Summary: German translation by Martin Luther's colleague, Justus Jonas, of "De servo arbitrio". "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Luther's greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace.

Summary: One of the problems that led to the Reformation was the sad state of ecclesiastical finance that forced many priests to change fees for the sacraments and other services. Von Gunzburg subjects such practices to sharp sanitization in the form of "praise of priests."

Summary: Text in German includes Luther's German translation of Psalms CXVIII from the Hebrew O.T., and is Luther's expanded version of his earlier Latin work.

Summary: This is the third printing of Luther's German translation of his notes on Psalm 118. An Earlier German translation version had been published by Wenzeslaus Linck. Luther's expanded edition, as reprinted here, differs from Linck's in that it uses Eobanus Hessus' verse translation of the psalm, prepared with Luther's advice, as the scriptural text. Text in German includes Luther's German translation of Psalms CXVIII from the Hebrew O.T., and is Luther's expanded version of his earlier Latin work.

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Summary: Early edition of Erasmus' treatise on free human will and its limits.

Summary: Oldrich Velensky, Latinized as Ulrich Velenus, was a Bohemian Protestant who opposed the papal claims to power based on St. Peter's residence and martyrdom in Rome. Cochlaeus upholds the traditional Catholic view that St. Peter was martyred in Rome in the reign of Nero in this volume against Velensky's criticism.

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Summary: Kilian Leib was the prior of the Augustinian monastery at Rebdorf near Ingolstadt. He was a vehement opponent of the Lutheran movement and was involved in the drafting of the Confutatio Augustana. In this tract he defends priestly celibacy and chastity.

Summary: Essay on the historical and Scriptural foundations of clerical marriage, written following the marriage of Wolfgang Reissenbusch, Praeceptor of the Collegial Church of St. Antonius in Lichtenberg.

Summary: Melanchthon wrote three versions of his book on dialectic, considering only the third to be truly successful. This is a printing from 1534 of the second (1528) version.

Summary: A letter by Hieronymus Emser, early opponent of Luther concerning the Leipzig Disputation of 1519, describing Luther's debate with Johann Eck, and Luther's admitting that councils could err.

Summary: The Donation of Constantine was a work that told of how the Emperor Constantine I gave secular domination over Italy to the Bishops of Rome. Although purported to have been written in the fourth century, the humanist scholar Lorenzo Valla proved the work, long suspect to be an eighth century forgery. Vall's treatise was one of the first important works of comparative philology, a method invaluable to later biblical scholars and translators.

Summary: One of two printings of Karlstadt's treatise on the dichotomy of law and grace.

Summary: Tract on the history of Divine Revelation, tracing the teachers of the church from the Creation to the author's own time, by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Letter by a counsel of preachers in the city of Hamburg to Philipp Melanchthon regarding the adiaphoristic controversy regarding the re-introduction of some Catholic elements into the liturgy, which Melanchthon viewed as harmless and permissible. Melanchthon's reply is also included in this short booklet.

Summary: An important treatise on human free will by Martin Luther, responding to Erasmus' work De libero arbitrio.

Summary: "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Martin Luther' greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace. His tract is a response to Desiderius Erasmus', "De libero arbitrio (Concerning Free Will)." Erasmus defends the view that salvation is by Divine grace, but wants to leave some room for a person's moral motivation.

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Summary: This is the third printing of Luther's treatise on monastic vows.

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Summary: An overview of the role, responsibilities, and work of deaconesses.

Summary: A history of Venice.

Summary: The sermons on which this commentary on the Ten Commandments is based were delivered in Wittenberg in 1516-1517. This is the first work of Luther's to be translated into a modern European language. This is the first printing of the work.

Summary: Rare first French printing of Luther's lectures on Galatians.

Summary: Response by Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian Visitor General of the Augustinian Order, who fled to Switzerland rather than face charges of heresy, to the books of English Catholic, Richard Smith, on celibacy and monastic vows.

Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: Early book on the Ten Commandments and the Seven Deadly Sins by Martin Luther. Originally written in Latin, it is here translated into German by Sebastian Münster, a young Franciscan teacher/scholar, soon to become famous as one of the great Christian Hebraists of his time. This is the first printing of the German translation.

Summary: This is the second printing of Luther's exposition of Psalm 147. Text in German includes M. Luther's German translation of Psalms CXLVII from the Hebrew O.T.

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Summary: Popular piety and "modern" science here make mutual if unusual companions. Science is used to teach piety and piety reinforces a scientific perspective. The smile is that just as a wagon goes on four wheels, so philosophy and human thought proceed on their "fourfold paths"---logic, physics (medicine), ethics and theology.

Summary: The only printing of a pamphlet against Andreas Osiander's interpretation of Luther's doctrine of salvation by faith, signed by several theologians and pastors from Wittenberg.

Summary: In this "New Year's Wish," Hans Sachs considers the problem of a man facing death. He calls first upon his physical attributes--youth, beauty, strenght, etc,--but finds they cannot help him. It is the spiritual factors of Sorrow, Confession, Pepentance, Hope, Faith and above all Love, that give him good counsel and rouse him from the dream of Death. This is the second printing of the revised version.

This is a 1523 printing of Martin Luther's popular sermon on the Ten Commandments and the Seven Deadly Sins, first printed in 1520 and reprinted numerous times. The work was originally composed in Latin and was translated into German by the cartographer and Christian Hebraist Sebastian Münster.

Summary: Luther's first attempts to communicate with the Protestants at Riga were unsuccessful. Later, communications were established, and this commentary on Psalm 127 was the result of their request for something edifying. This is the seventh printing of the work.

Summary: 1531 printing of Luther's commentary on Psalm 111, written 1530 while he was staying at Coburg Fortress during the time of the Diet of Augsburg.

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Summary: This book, which contains a dedication to Joannes Luyken de Jonge, the grandson of the author [in the form of a poem], contains 47 prints by Jan Luyken. Of the 47 prints, 46 are new; amongst these are 4 prints started by Luyken and finished by P. Sluiter (engravings for pages 77, 81, 85, and 87), who also made the title page. According to the final words of the printed title, this work was published after the death of the author. Probably is this his last work and because of illness, Luyken was prevented to finish the work completely.

A study of Haiti, then the French colony of St. Domingue, introducing a complex hierarchy of racialization with the goal of establishing a caste system based on skin color.

An engraved portrait of Desiderius Erasmus based on a portrait pained by Hans Holbein. The caption reads "Desid: Erasmus Roterod: Natus 1467. Den: et Sepult: Basiliae 1556. Ad Archetypum I: Holbenii in Biblioth: bupl: Basil: adservatum pictum cum annum ageret Erasmus LV."

Summary: H. Dungersheim had exchanged several letters with Luther before he wrote this dialogue. It was his first formal controversialist tract, written in 1520, but not published until 1531. Luther burned a manuscript copy of this work when he burned the bull Exsurge Domine on December 10, 1520.

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Summary: In August 1523, a second revision of Luther's 1519 Galatians commentary was issued by Luther himself. V. Heydnecker (who may have been V. Obsopaeus) prepared this German translation of the work. Text in German includes M. Luther's translation of St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians from the Greek N.T. Text is translated from M. Luther's Latin work: In epistolam Sancti Pauli ad Galatas commentarius (1519) by V. Heydnecker, who some scholars believe was V. Obsopäus. Text is translation of the 2nd version of Luther's work.

Summary: One of at least 11 printings produced in 1530 of the Schwabach Articles, 17 articles of faith composed by Luther 1529 in Schwabach. It became one of the foundational documents for the Augsburg Confession.Bound in modern dark green morocco, bordered, blind- and gilt-tooled, with inside dentelles, gold spine title, and gilt edges. Upper board scratched.

Summary: First published in Latin in 1523, Luther defines in this tract the order of the Sunday worship service and the distribution of communion. This pamphlet is an important forerunner of Luther's "Deutsche Messe" (German Mass) published in 1526.

Summary: Luther wrote his "Formula of the Mass and Communion" in 1523 at the insistence of N. Hausmann, the preacher at the Marienkirche, in Zwickau. Hausmann then wanted a German version to be used in his church. P. Speratus supplied one, and an unnamed Nuremberg translator supplied another. This is that Nuremberg work's first printing.

Summary: Collection of sermons by the Alsatian preacher Geiler von Kaysersberg, delivered between 1503 and 1505 at the convent of the sisters of the order of St. Mary Magdalene. Geiler was one of the most popular preachers of his day and was sometimes called the German Savonarola. He was a close friend of the Strasbourg humanist Jakob von Wimpheling and was greatly respected by Sebastian Brant, Johann Reuchlin and Philipp Melanchthon.

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Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: This is Luther's first public attack on Johannes Eck. Included in this volume are Eck's letter of Dec. 24, 1518 in which he records his theological differences with Karlstadt, and Eck's own 12 theses with Luther's response.

Summary: A response by Luther to the accusations leveled at him at the Leipzig Disputation by his opponent, Johann Eck.

Summary: Unique printing of the original notarial protocol of the Leipzig Disputation between Andreas Karlstadt and Martin Luther on the one hand, and Johann Eck, on the other. Includes fully two thirds of the several day debate, and all of the famous "duel" between Luther and Eck on authority in the church. The debates were copied by two notaries, and, at the end of each day's sessions, were verified by two witnesses.

Summary: An academic disputation presented Georg Theander, professor at the University of Ingolstadt, and defended by Sebastian Haydlauff, priest at the church of St. Moritz in Ingolstadt. The disputation was based on 30 theses on the 2nd and 8th commandments.

Summary: Since the city of Augsburg was fairly evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant in the early 1520s, several Anabaptists hoped that their movement might benefit from this stalemate. Eitelhans Langenmantel attacks both Catholics and Lutherans, whom he called neo-Papists. His critique in this pamphlet focuses on the eucharist, which Langenmantel views in Zwinglian terms as a symbolic commemoration of the Last Supper. Like many other Anabaptists in Augsburg, Langenmantel was arrested and executed in 1527.

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Summary: Johannes Dietenberger was a preaching monk who later became the grand inquisitor in the dioceses of Mainz and Cologne. He is best known for his German translation of the Bible, published in 1534. This work is an answer to Luther's writings on human doctrines and traditions in the Church.

Summary: Luther was persuaded by Karl von Miltitz to write this public statement as a response to certain charges brought against him by his opponents, in particular Mazzolini da Prierio. In this tract, Luther still supports the invocation of the saints, an idea which he abandoned only shortly after.

Summary: The first of five printings in 1520 of an answer to an attack on Luther issued under the seal and authority of Albert, Archbishop of Mainz.

Summary: Luther's letter to the provost, dean and canons of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, written August 19, 1523, discussing the nature of the mass and his reasons for abolishing masses for the dead and for saints.

Summary: Despite his lack of success in appealing to the Pope for an Ecumenical Council in 1518, Luther repeats his call in this pamphlet, combining it with a special appeal to the emperor and to the German princes. This is the first printing of this work, produced outside the city of Wittenberg.

Summary: Luther's "Theses on Monasticisms" came about as a partial response to Melanchthon's essay in Loci Communes. Melanchthon revised this section of the Loci to take Luther's criticism into account. Luther's work was translated into German by at least three translators none of whom can be named with certainty.

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Summary: Three sermons preached June 10, July 13, 20, 1522, on texts John 10:1 (unlawful entry into sheepfold), Luke 6:36 (Be merciful as God is), and Luke 5:1-11 (Peter's large catch of fish).

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A postcard showing a class of young men and boys at the Longenschool.

Summary: Short tract by Andreas Osiander about John 16 (Jesus going to the Father) and the doctrine of justification.