Search

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: In 1518 Luther was summoned to Rome. He appealed to Frederick, Elector of Saxony who was attending the imperial Diet in Augsburg. Frederick negotiated with the Papal Legate Cajetan who finally agreed to a hearing in Augsburg. Luther went there with an imperial escort and then returned safely to Wittenberg. This is Luther's report of what took place in Augsburg. It is the fifth printing of the "Acta Augustana."

Summary: In 1518 Luther was summoned to Rome. He appealed to Frederick, Elector of Saxony who was attending the imperial Diet in Augsburg. Frederick negotiated with the Papal Legate Cajetan who finally agreed to a hearing in Augsburg. Luther went there with an imperial escort and then returned safely to Wittenberg. This is Luther's report of what took place in Augsburg. It is the fifth printing of the "Acta Augustana."

Summary: A unique printing of an answer by Luther to the attacks of one his earliest opponents, Johann Eck.

Summary: A unique printing of an answer by Luther to the attacks of one his earliest opponents, Johann Eck.

Summary: Fredrick the Wise asked Luther to write to Emperor Charles V after the publication of his Open letter to the Christian Nobility in order to express his loyalty. Spalatin convinced Luther to write this letter of submission and edited it for publication.

Summary: Fredrick the Wise asked Luther to write to Emperor Charles V after the publication of his Open letter to the Christian Nobility in order to express his loyalty. Spalatin convinced Luther to write this letter of submission and edited it for publication.

Summary: First edition of Luther's response to Hieronymus Emser's report of the Leipzig Disputation between Martin Luther, Andreas Bodenstein Karlstadt and Johann Eck. Emser, who had been initially sympathetic to Luther's position had accompanied Eck to Leipzig, where he broke with the reformer. In his report, he tried to associate Luther with the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus, who had been burnt at the stake during the Council of Constance in 1415.

Summary: First edition of Luther's response to Hieronymus Emser's report of the Leipzig Disputation between Martin Luther, Andreas Bodenstein Karlstadt and Johann Eck. Emser, who had been initially sympathetic to Luther's position had accompanied Eck to Leipzig, where he broke with the reformer. In his report, he tried to associate Luther with the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus, who had been burnt at the stake during the Council of Constance in 1415.

Summary: Johann Eck responds in this early work to Luther's pamphlet "Contra malignum Iohannis Eccii iudicium."

Summary: Johann Eck responds in this early work to Luther's pamphlet "Contra malignum Iohannis Eccii iudicium."

Summary: This is another academic disputation by Eck at Ingolstadt on monastic vows including 160 theses "in praise of those men who practice the monastic life."

Summary: This is another academic disputation by Eck at Ingolstadt on monastic vows including 160 theses "in praise of those men who practice the monastic life."

Summary: Poetic paraphrases of the Psalms by the humanist and reformer Adam Siber.

Summary: Poetic paraphrases of the Psalms by the humanist and reformer Adam Siber.

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

Summary: M. Flacius Illyricus issued this edition of Luther's letters from Coburg Castle to the theologians at the Diet of Augsburg in an attempt to strengthen the Protestant resolve during the Interim. Intended for the widest possible distribution, both German and Latin versions were provided.

Summary: A selection of criticisms of Luther's views on the spiritual origins of the Papacy by one of his early opponents, Ambrosius Catharinus, edited by another of his early opponents, Hieronymus Emser, and dedicated by Emser to a third Luther opponent, Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altenzelle.

Summary: A selection of criticisms of Luther's views on the spiritual origins of the Papacy by one of his early opponents, Ambrosius Catharinus, edited by another of his early opponents, Hieronymus Emser, and dedicated by Emser to a third Luther opponent, Paul Bachmann, Abbot of Altenzelle.

Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: Compilation of three anti-Catholic tracts by the Lutheran theologians and composer of hymns Nicolaus Selneccer.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

Summary: Third edition of Alciatus in France, "with new woodcuts superior to those of the 'Augsburg' editions" (Landwehr). The emblems are attributed to Mercure Jollat. "It is the Paris edition which set the standard for the popular field of emblem literature (Mortimer, French, no. 13, p. 13). Alciatus was not happy with the two earlier Augsburg editions; but the expanded Wechel edition which appeared in Paris in 1534 with entirely new woodcuts by Jollat set a new standard.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote a great deal on the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His determination to afford the laity and active part in the celebration was to have disastrous consequences for him both professionally and personally.

Summary: Karlstadt wrote a great deal on the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His determination to afford the laity and active part in the celebration was to have disastrous consequences for him both professionally and personally.

Summary: Important description of S. Maria Maggiore in its unaltered Renaissance state, before extensive renovations of Ferdinand Fuga in 1743.

Summary: Important description of S. Maria Maggiore in its unaltered Renaissance state, before extensive renovations of Ferdinand Fuga in 1743.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on the book of Joshua, first published in 1549.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on the book of Joshua, first published in 1549.

Summary: A short tract by Erasmus on the composition of letters.

Summary: A short tract by Erasmus on the composition of letters.

Summary: Joachim Westphal was a gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Superintendent in Hamburg. A major opponent of the Interims of Augsburg and Leipzig, he argued that Catholic liturgical practices were not adiaphora (morally indifferent acts that were either required nor prohibited), but needed to be rejected completely.

Summary: Joachim Westphal was a gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Superintendent in Hamburg. A major opponent of the Interims of Augsburg and Leipzig, he argued that Catholic liturgical practices were not adiaphora (morally indifferent acts that were either required nor prohibited), but needed to be rejected completely.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of Hutten's edition of the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which condemns as heretical 41 statements by Martin Luther and offers Luther 60 days to recant. Hutten issued the bull with the papal coat of arms on the title page, and offers his own glosses, introduction, and call to Leo to keep his bulls to himself, and not to bother the German Protestants any longer.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of Hutten's edition of the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which condemns as heretical 41 statements by Martin Luther and offers Luther 60 days to recant. Hutten issued the bull with the papal coat of arms on the title page, and offers his own glosses, introduction, and call to Leo to keep his bulls to himself, and not to bother the German Protestants any longer.

Summary: A historical, social, religious, and natural history of the ancient world.

Summary: A historical, social, religious, and natural history of the ancient world.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: Satirical song about the office of the Pope, composed anonymously in response to the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 and published by Matthias Flacius to underscore his opposition to the Catholic Church in all matters following the Interim of Augsburg in 1548.

Summary: C. Schatzgeyer here writes on the veneration of the saints, the "friends of God". Catholic theology makes a sharp distinction between paying honor to saints (dulia) and worship of God (latria). This is the first printing of this work. No one knows for sure when it was written and printed.

Summary: C. Schatzgeyer here writes on the veneration of the saints, the "friends of God". Catholic theology makes a sharp distinction between paying honor to saints (dulia) and worship of God (latria). This is the first printing of this work. No one knows for sure when it was written and printed.

Summary: Catechism by David Chytraeus, a student of Philipp Melanchthon's.

Summary: Catechism by David Chytraeus, a student of Philipp Melanchthon's.

Summary: Rhegius was a Reformer, active throughout Germany promoting Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg he was befriended by Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, under whose patronage he returned to Brunswick where he wrote the present work for Ernest's son, Francis Otto (1530-1559). Like many 16th c. catechisms, Rhegius' is in the form of a dialogue, in this instance between the teacher and the pupil (paedagogus et discipulus).

Summary: Rhegius was a Reformer, active throughout Germany promoting Lutheran unity in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1530 at the Diet of Augsburg he was befriended by Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, under whose patronage he returned to Brunswick where he wrote the present work for Ernest's son, Francis Otto (1530-1559). Like many 16th c. catechisms, Rhegius' is in the form of a dialogue, in this instance between the teacher and the pupil (paedagogus et discipulus).

Summary: Summary-style Lutheran catechism by Sebald Heyden, a humanist scholar and educator in Nuremberg. He was well known as a poet and composer of hymns and his book "De arte candendi" (On the art of singing) had a significant impact on the study and teaching of music.

Summary: Summary-style Lutheran catechism by Sebald Heyden, a humanist scholar and educator in Nuremberg. He was well known as a poet and composer of hymns and his book "De arte candendi" (On the art of singing) had a significant impact on the study and teaching of music.

Summary: A significant treatise on predestination. Johann Eck expounds a view of free will and merit, which was soon to come under attack by Martin Luther and other Protestants.

Summary: A significant treatise on predestination. Johann Eck expounds a view of free will and merit, which was soon to come under attack by Martin Luther and other Protestants.

Summary: Compilation by Johann Wigand of arguments made by the Reformer Paul Eber in support of the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: Compilation by Johann Wigand of arguments made by the Reformer Paul Eber in support of the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: Lecture delivered to the faculty and students of the University of Wittenberg on "the perils of these times" by Kaspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon's son-in-law. The perils to which he refers are the military threat of the Turks to the east, and the plague.

Summary: Lecture delivered to the faculty and students of the University of Wittenberg on "the perils of these times" by Kaspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon's son-in-law. The perils to which he refers are the military threat of the Turks to the east, and the plague.

Summary: This is a fine, well-preserved copy of a sixteenth century edition of the "Confessio Augustana and Melanchthon's Apology."

Summary: This is a fine, well-preserved copy of a sixteenth century edition of the "Confessio Augustana and Melanchthon's Apology."

Summary: Second printing of the first edition of a tract listing 91 errors in three sermons by Martin Luther.

Summary: Second printing of the first edition of a tract listing 91 errors in three sermons by Martin Luther.

Summary: This is the second and much expanded edition of Luther's reply to Henry VIII's Assertion of the Seven Sacraments. Luther replies quite moderately (for him) to what he feels to be the King's unwarranted assertions on the Catholic Sacraments. This is the second printing of this edition.

Summary: This is the second and much expanded edition of Luther's reply to Henry VIII's Assertion of the Seven Sacraments. Luther replies quite moderately (for him) to what he feels to be the King's unwarranted assertions on the Catholic Sacraments. This is the second printing of this edition.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: After Luther had published the Ninety-five Theses, a broad academic debate spread across Germany on the question of the validity of indulgences. The debate was soon joined by Eck of Ingolstadt, representing the Catholic position. Karlstadt, a senior theologian at Wittenberg seems to have taken the lead in defending his colleague with his work, a series of disputations held at the University of Wittenberg beginning May 14, 1518, and continuing beyond July 7, 1518.

Summary: After Luther had published the Ninety-five Theses, a broad academic debate spread across Germany on the question of the validity of indulgences. The debate was soon joined by Eck of Ingolstadt, representing the Catholic position. Karlstadt, a senior theologian at Wittenberg seems to have taken the lead in defending his colleague with his work, a series of disputations held at the University of Wittenberg beginning May 14, 1518, and continuing beyond July 7, 1518.

Summary: Composed by Erasmus of Rotterdam, at the latest, in 1533, this tract on preparing for death first appeared in printed form in Basel at the beginning of 1534. This printing was followed by the Cologne printing in April. It is dedicated to Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (1477-1539), the father of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Summary: Composed by Erasmus of Rotterdam, at the latest, in 1533, this tract on preparing for death first appeared in printed form in Basel at the beginning of 1534. This printing was followed by the Cologne printing in April. It is dedicated to Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond (1477-1539), the father of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Summary: A call for concord and harmony in the church by one of the great Humanists of the time.

Summary: A call for concord and harmony in the church by one of the great Humanists of the time.

Summary: First edition of the second Latin translation of Luther's Large Catechism, published earlier the same year. This translation was done Vincentius Opsopäus (Vinzenz Heidecker). Issued with it is the first Latin edition of Johann Brenz's catechism, first published in German in 1528 under the title "Fragstuck des christlichen Glaube[n]s für die Jugend zu Schwebische[n] Hall]."

Summary: First edition of the second Latin translation of Luther's Large Catechism, published earlier the same year. This translation was done Vincentius Opsopäus (Vinzenz Heidecker). Issued with it is the first Latin edition of Johann Brenz's catechism, first published in German in 1528 under the title "Fragstuck des christlichen Glaube[n]s für die Jugend zu Schwebische[n] Hall]."

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: Early edition of Erasmus' treatise on free human will and its limits.

Summary: Early edition of Erasmus' treatise on free human will and its limits.

Summary: Oldrich Velensky, Latinized as Ulrich Velenus, was a Bohemian Protestant who opposed the papal claims to power based on St. Peter's residence and martyrdom in Rome. Cochlaeus upholds the traditional Catholic view that St. Peter was martyred in Rome in the reign of Nero in this volume against Velensky's criticism.

Summary: Oldrich Velensky, Latinized as Ulrich Velenus, was a Bohemian Protestant who opposed the papal claims to power based on St. Peter's residence and martyrdom in Rome. Cochlaeus upholds the traditional Catholic view that St. Peter was martyred in Rome in the reign of Nero in this volume against Velensky's criticism.

Summary: Essay on the historical and Scriptural foundations of clerical marriage, written following the marriage of Wolfgang Reissenbusch, Praeceptor of the Collegial Church of St. Antonius in Lichtenberg.

Summary: Essay on the historical and Scriptural foundations of clerical marriage, written following the marriage of Wolfgang Reissenbusch, Praeceptor of the Collegial Church of St. Antonius in Lichtenberg.

Summary: Melanchthon wrote three versions of his book on dialectic, considering only the third to be truly successful. This is a printing from 1534 of the second (1528) version.

Summary: Melanchthon wrote three versions of his book on dialectic, considering only the third to be truly successful. This is a printing from 1534 of the second (1528) version.

Summary: A letter by Hieronymus Emser, early opponent of Luther concerning the Leipzig Disputation of 1519, describing Luther's debate with Johann Eck, and Luther's admitting that councils could err.

Summary: A letter by Hieronymus Emser, early opponent of Luther concerning the Leipzig Disputation of 1519, describing Luther's debate with Johann Eck, and Luther's admitting that councils could err.

Summary: The Donation of Constantine was a work that told of how the Emperor Constantine I gave secular domination over Italy to the Bishops of Rome. Although purported to have been written in the fourth century, the humanist scholar Lorenzo Valla proved the work, long suspect to be an eighth century forgery. Vall's treatise was one of the first important works of comparative philology, a method invaluable to later biblical scholars and translators.

Summary: The Donation of Constantine was a work that told of how the Emperor Constantine I gave secular domination over Italy to the Bishops of Rome. Although purported to have been written in the fourth century, the humanist scholar Lorenzo Valla proved the work, long suspect to be an eighth century forgery. Vall's treatise was one of the first important works of comparative philology, a method invaluable to later biblical scholars and translators.

Summary: One of two printings of Karlstadt's treatise on the dichotomy of law and grace.

Summary: One of two printings of Karlstadt's treatise on the dichotomy of law and grace.

Summary: Tract on the history of Divine Revelation, tracing the teachers of the church from the Creation to the author's own time, by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Tract on the history of Divine Revelation, tracing the teachers of the church from the Creation to the author's own time, by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Letter by a counsel of preachers in the city of Hamburg to Philipp Melanchthon regarding the adiaphoristic controversy regarding the re-introduction of some Catholic elements into the liturgy, which Melanchthon viewed as harmless and permissible. Melanchthon's reply is also included in this short booklet.

Summary: Letter by a counsel of preachers in the city of Hamburg to Philipp Melanchthon regarding the adiaphoristic controversy regarding the re-introduction of some Catholic elements into the liturgy, which Melanchthon viewed as harmless and permissible. Melanchthon's reply is also included in this short booklet.

Summary: An important treatise on human free will by Martin Luther, responding to Erasmus' work De libero arbitrio.

Summary: An important treatise on human free will by Martin Luther, responding to Erasmus' work De libero arbitrio.

Summary: "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Martin Luther' greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace. His tract is a response to Desiderius Erasmus', "De libero arbitrio (Concerning Free Will)." Erasmus defends the view that salvation is by Divine grace, but wants to leave some room for a person's moral motivation.

Summary: "De servo arbitrio (Concerning the Enslaved Will)" is considered one of Martin Luther' greatest literary productions, and among the most important writings of the Reformation. In it, he defends the idea of the complete inability of the human being to please God, apart from Divine grace. His tract is a response to Desiderius Erasmus', "De libero arbitrio (Concerning Free Will)." Erasmus defends the view that salvation is by Divine grace, but wants to leave some room for a person's moral motivation.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: This is the third printing of Luther's treatise on monastic vows.

Summary: This is the third printing of Luther's treatise on monastic vows.

Summary: A history of Venice.

Summary: A history of Venice.

Summary: The sermons on which this commentary on the Ten Commandments is based were delivered in Wittenberg in 1516-1517. This is the first work of Luther's to be translated into a modern European language. This is the first printing of the work.

Summary: The sermons on which this commentary on the Ten Commandments is based were delivered in Wittenberg in 1516-1517. This is the first work of Luther's to be translated into a modern European language. This is the first printing of the work.

Summary: Response by Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian Visitor General of the Augustinian Order, who fled to Switzerland rather than face charges of heresy, to the books of English Catholic, Richard Smith, on celibacy and monastic vows.

Summary: Response by Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian Visitor General of the Augustinian Order, who fled to Switzerland rather than face charges of heresy, to the books of English Catholic, Richard Smith, on celibacy and monastic vows.

Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A text written against the teachings of Jean Calvin and the Calvinist approach to the Lord's Supper.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

Summary: A tract by Matthias Flacius asserting the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

An engraved portrait of Desiderius Erasmus based on a portrait pained by Hans Holbein. The caption reads "Desid: Erasmus Roterod: Natus 1467. Den: et Sepult: Basiliae 1556. Ad Archetypum I: Holbenii in Biblioth: bupl: Basil: adservatum pictum cum annum ageret Erasmus LV."

An engraved portrait of Desiderius Erasmus based on a portrait pained by Hans Holbein. The caption reads "Desid: Erasmus Roterod: Natus 1467. Den: et Sepult: Basiliae 1556. Ad Archetypum I: Holbenii in Biblioth: bupl: Basil: adservatum pictum cum annum ageret Erasmus LV."

Summary: H. Dungersheim had exchanged several letters with Luther before he wrote this dialogue. It was his first formal controversialist tract, written in 1520, but not published until 1531. Luther burned a manuscript copy of this work when he burned the bull Exsurge Domine on December 10, 1520.

Summary: H. Dungersheim had exchanged several letters with Luther before he wrote this dialogue. It was his first formal controversialist tract, written in 1520, but not published until 1531. Luther burned a manuscript copy of this work when he burned the bull Exsurge Domine on December 10, 1520.

Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: This disputation centered around the question of whether the German princes could offer armed resistance to the Emperor, and whether they ought to support him in his war against the Turks. Luther came to believe that any support of the Emperor when he was acting in a religious capacity (in league with the pope) was wrong, because the pope was acting contrary to the Gospel. This is the first (and only) printing of this revised version of these theses. It contains 91 theses, whereas the first version (written before the Emperor and princes had come to terms) contained only 70 theses.

Summary: This is Luther's first public attack on Johannes Eck. Included in this volume are Eck's letter of Dec. 24, 1518 in which he records his theological differences with Karlstadt, and Eck's own 12 theses with Luther's response.

Summary: This is Luther's first public attack on Johannes Eck. Included in this volume are Eck's letter of Dec. 24, 1518 in which he records his theological differences with Karlstadt, and Eck's own 12 theses with Luther's response.

Summary: An academic disputation presented Georg Theander, professor at the University of Ingolstadt, and defended by Sebastian Haydlauff, priest at the church of St. Moritz in Ingolstadt. The disputation was based on 30 theses on the 2nd and 8th commandments.

Summary: An academic disputation presented Georg Theander, professor at the University of Ingolstadt, and defended by Sebastian Haydlauff, priest at the church of St. Moritz in Ingolstadt. The disputation was based on 30 theses on the 2nd and 8th commandments.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: A 1558 printing of a work on rhetoric by Philipp Melanchthon. The work includes correspondence on the subject by two late-15th century Italian humanists.

Summary: A 1558 printing of a work on rhetoric by Philipp Melanchthon. The work includes correspondence on the subject by two late-15th century Italian humanists.

Summary: Interpretation of Psalm 68 by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: Interpretation of Psalm 68 by Georg Major, a student of Luther and Melanchthon, and professor at Wittenberg from 1536, with a few brief interruptions, until his death.

Summary: In 1521, Melanchthon wrote the first Protestant dogmatics, the "Loci Communes." Eck countered in 1525 with his "handbook on Theological Topics". Possibly the most widely reprinted Catholic critique of Lutheran doctrine (Metzler lists 91 contemporary editions). Eck uses the same topical procedure and cites the Bible, Church Fathers, Councils, and Popes heavily in the presentation of his arguments.

Summary: In 1521, Melanchthon wrote the first Protestant dogmatics, the "Loci Communes." Eck countered in 1525 with his "handbook on Theological Topics". Possibly the most widely reprinted Catholic critique of Lutheran doctrine (Metzler lists 91 contemporary editions). Eck uses the same topical procedure and cites the Bible, Church Fathers, Councils, and Popes heavily in the presentation of his arguments.

Summary: It is not certain who wrote this tract on the Leipzig Disputation but J. Montanus or J. Cellarius appear to be the most likely candidates. Montanus became the first Protestant preacher in Westphalia, while Cellarius or Kellner, became the first Protestant Superintendent of Dresden.

Summary: It is not certain who wrote this tract on the Leipzig Disputation but J. Montanus or J. Cellarius appear to be the most likely candidates. Montanus became the first Protestant preacher in Westphalia, while Cellarius or Kellner, became the first Protestant Superintendent of Dresden.

Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.

Summary: The Leipzig disputation was a debate between Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the one hand and Johann Eck on the other. While Karlstadt and Eck found some grounds for agreement on the question of free will, Luther and Eck disagreed vehemently over the question of the pope's authority to establish new articles of faith. This work publishes a letter Luther wrote to his friend Georg Spalatin, as well as 13 theses by Luther refuting Eck's position on the primacy of the pope and the authority of councils.

Summary: A report on the Leipzig Disputation of 1519, ostensibly between Karlstadt and Johann Eck, but with the active participation of Luther both in preparation and in delivery. It was at this formal disputation that Eck was successful in pushing Luther to admit that not only popes, but councils, as well, had erred. This was an important point in Eck's favor, since Luther had, up to this point, appealed from the authority of the Pope to that of an ecumenical council.

Summary: A report on the Leipzig Disputation of 1519, ostensibly between Karlstadt and Johann Eck, but with the active participation of Luther both in preparation and in delivery. It was at this formal disputation that Eck was successful in pushing Luther to admit that not only popes, but councils, as well, had erred. This was an important point in Eck's favor, since Luther had, up to this point, appealed from the authority of the Pope to that of an ecumenical council.

Summary: This pamphlet contains two letters on Lutheranism by converts to Catholicism. Witzel's publication of Haner's letter led to the latter's expulsion from the city of Nuremberg.

Summary: This pamphlet contains two letters on Lutheranism by converts to Catholicism. Witzel's publication of Haner's letter led to the latter's expulsion from the city of Nuremberg.

Summary: Summary of the transactions of teh Colloquy of Maulbronn, a council involving theologians from Lutheran Würtemberg and the Reformed (Zwinglian) Palatinate. The main point of debate was the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

Summary: Summary of the transactions of teh Colloquy of Maulbronn, a council involving theologians from Lutheran Würtemberg and the Reformed (Zwinglian) Palatinate. The main point of debate was the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

Summary: First edition, first issue of an educational emblem book based on various aspects of nature and human nature with 100 engraved emblems by Jan Luiken (41 images) and Caspar Luiken (59 images). Each emblem is accompanied by a 10-line Latin verse in letterpress by the German engraver and publisher Johann Christoph Weigel.

Summary: First edition, first issue of an educational emblem book based on various aspects of nature and human nature with 100 engraved emblems by Jan Luiken (41 images) and Caspar Luiken (59 images). Each emblem is accompanied by a 10-line Latin verse in letterpress by the German engraver and publisher Johann Christoph Weigel.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary: Peter Canisius was a Dutch Jesuit working to restore the Catholic church in Germany during the Reformation. Matthias Flacius criticized Canisius's catechism, first published in 1555. In this tract, he specifically attacks the Jesuit's views on the expiation of sin and the justification in Christ.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: The participants in the Leipzig Disputation promised not to print their positions before the faculties of Paris and Louvain had issued their verdicts in the case. Both sides broke their promise. Melanchthon apparently got into print first, for this is Eck's reply to Melanchthon. This is the second printing of the work.

Summary: The participants in the Leipzig Disputation promised not to print their positions before the faculties of Paris and Louvain had issued their verdicts in the case. Both sides broke their promise. Melanchthon apparently got into print first, for this is Eck's reply to Melanchthon. This is the second printing of the work.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on Galatians, first published in 1546/47 and reprinted numerous times.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on Galatians, first published in 1546/47 and reprinted numerous times.

Summary: One of four volumes of a 1497 printing of Jerome's commentaries on the Old Testament. This particular volume comprises the prophetic books Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel as well as the 12 minor prophets. It is unique insofar as not all parts of the larger set were bound in the same order or based on the same divisions. It was that was once held by the library of Rebdorf monastery, which developed a renown humanist collection during the tenure of Kilian Leib as the monastery's prior.

Summary: One of four volumes of a 1497 printing of Jerome's commentaries on the Old Testament. This particular volume comprises the prophetic books Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel as well as the 12 minor prophets. It is unique insofar as not all parts of the larger set were bound in the same order or based on the same divisions. It was that was once held by the library of Rebdorf monastery, which developed a renown humanist collection during the tenure of Kilian Leib as the monastery's prior.

Summary: Fifth edition of Erasmus' Colloquies, a collection of dialogues on Latin conversation and good behavior first published in 1518 as an excercise book for Erasmus's students.

Summary: Fifth edition of Erasmus' Colloquies, a collection of dialogues on Latin conversation and good behavior first published in 1518 as an excercise book for Erasmus's students.

Summary: Instructions for inquisitors in the Netherlands (Lower Germany), published by the Lutheran reformer Matthias Flacius to call attention to the persecution of Protestants. Flacius intended this report to underscore his opposition to any compromises with the Catholic Church, even in liturgical matters, as permitted by the Augsburg Interim of 1548.

Summary: Instructions for inquisitors in the Netherlands (Lower Germany), published by the Lutheran reformer Matthias Flacius to call attention to the persecution of Protestants. Flacius intended this report to underscore his opposition to any compromises with the Catholic Church, even in liturgical matters, as permitted by the Augsburg Interim of 1548.

A work on the process of reduction and inductive reasoning, the precursor of the scientific method.

A work on the process of reduction and inductive reasoning, the precursor of the scientific method.

Summary: Rare early printing of Melanchthon's biography of Luther.

Summary: Rare early printing of Melanchthon's biography of Luther.

Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.

Summary: Philipp Melanchthon's biography of Martin Luther was first printed in 1548 and reissued numerous times. Included are Melanchthon's obituary of Martin Luther as well as his funeral sermon. The work was edited by Johannes Pollicarius who added some Latin and Greek poetry on Luther's "Here I stand" statement.

Summary: One of six 1519 printings of Luther's lectures on Paul's letter to the Galatians, first held in 1516. Galatians was Luther's favorite biblical book, which had a profound infulence on the formation of his theological thought and his understanding of law and grace.

Summary: One of six 1519 printings of Luther's lectures on Paul's letter to the Galatians, first held in 1516. Galatians was Luther's favorite biblical book, which had a profound infulence on the formation of his theological thought and his understanding of law and grace.

Summary: Commentary on the book of Exodus by Johannes Brenz.

Summary: Commentary on the book of Exodus by Johannes Brenz.

Summary: Commentary on the book of Leviticus by Johannes Brenz.

Summary: Commentary on the book of Leviticus by Johannes Brenz.

Summary: This poem is Hutten's reaction to the burning of Luther's books at Mainz by papal legates.

Summary: This poem is Hutten's reaction to the burning of Luther's books at Mainz by papal legates.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentaries on the books of Judges and Ruth.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentaries on the books of Judges and Ruth.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on the book of Amos.

Summary: Johannes Brenz's commentary on the book of Amos.

Summary: A. Seehofer had been a student of Melanchthon. He taught at Ingolstadt until the authorities became cognizant of his heretical Protestant views. His books and papers were seized and he was forced to recant. This pamphlet includes his heretical theses as well as the refutations by L. Marstaller and N. Apell, both members of the university faculty. A German note at the end of the pamphlet warns against the spreading of false rumors and lies about these matters.

Summary: A. Seehofer had been a student of Melanchthon. He taught at Ingolstadt until the authorities became cognizant of his heretical Protestant views. His books and papers were seized and he was forced to recant. This pamphlet includes his heretical theses as well as the refutations by L. Marstaller and N. Apell, both members of the university faculty. A German note at the end of the pamphlet warns against the spreading of false rumors and lies about these matters.

Summary: One of three reprints from the year of its first publication, this work by Melanchthon is one of the earliest textbooks for the study of rhetoric as an integral part of an education in the liberal arts.

Summary: One of three reprints from the year of its first publication, this work by Melanchthon is one of the earliest textbooks for the study of rhetoric as an integral part of an education in the liberal arts.

Summary: As professor of Logic and Rhetoric at Ingolstadt, Eck had the duty of writing the theses his students defended as part of the requirement for obtaining their doctorates. This one on oaths and vows was written and defended in 1516. M. Kretz was the respondent. This is a very early example of a printed dissertation.

Summary: As professor of Logic and Rhetoric at Ingolstadt, Eck had the duty of writing the theses his students defended as part of the requirement for obtaining their doctorates. This one on oaths and vows was written and defended in 1516. M. Kretz was the respondent. This is a very early example of a printed dissertation.

Summary: Reuchlin had visited Rome in 1490, where he was introduced to Rabbinic literature as well as the cabala.

Summary: Reuchlin had visited Rome in 1490, where he was introduced to Rabbinic literature as well as the cabala.

An engraved portrait of Johann Eck, one of Martin Luther's notable opponents. Includes two captions: "Iohannes Eckius Canonicus Theologiae Doctor et Propagator Eccle. Rom." and "natus in pago Eck 13.Nov.1486 Obiit 10 Febr.1543 at 57. Procancellarius Acad. Ingolstad."

An engraved portrait of Johann Eck, one of Martin Luther's notable opponents. Includes two captions: "Iohannes Eckius Canonicus Theologiae Doctor et Propagator Eccle. Rom." and "natus in pago Eck 13.Nov.1486 Obiit 10 Febr.1543 at 57. Procancellarius Acad. Ingolstad."

Summary: First edition of a short tract written by Luther at Wartburg castle and addressed to the bishop and religious leaders in Wittenberg. In 139 brief statements, Luther warns that religious vows and monastic life do not by themselves bring about the forgiveness of sins.

Summary: First edition of a short tract written by Luther at Wartburg castle and addressed to the bishop and religious leaders in Wittenberg. In 139 brief statements, Luther warns that religious vows and monastic life do not by themselves bring about the forgiveness of sins.

Summary:

Summary:

An engraved portrait of Jean Calvin, founder of Calvinism.

An engraved portrait of Jean Calvin, founder of Calvinism.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of a pamphlet by Johann Eck in support of Hieronymus Emser, a theologian in Leipzig and one of Luther's most vehement early opponents.

Summary: First printing of the first edition of a pamphlet by Johann Eck in support of Hieronymus Emser, a theologian in Leipzig and one of Luther's most vehement early opponents.

Seated to right, seen on profile, Flavio Amalfitano at his desk measuring a compass while reading a book; a globe and an hourglass also seen on his desk and a dog at his feet; opposite him, floating on air, a sailing ship and below another desk with books and an astrolabe globe; a large recipient filled with liquid and a stone at entre seen in the foreground, to left.

Seated to right, seen on profile, Flavio Amalfitano at his desk measuring a compass while reading a book; a globe and an hourglass also seen on his desk and a dog at his feet; opposite him, floating on air, a sailing ship and below another desk with books and an astrolabe globe; a large recipient filled with liquid and a stone at entre seen in the foreground, to left.

Summary: The Second Council of Pisa (1511-1512), also known as the Conciliabulum of Pisa, was a French initiative to limit the power of Pope Julius II and to strengthen the power of the conciliarists. Pope Julius II condemned the meeting and in response convoked the Fifth Lateran Council, which secured papal authority over conciliarism. This is the first edition of a record of the council published by Jean Petit for a French readership.

Summary: The Second Council of Pisa (1511-1512), also known as the Conciliabulum of Pisa, was a French initiative to limit the power of Pope Julius II and to strengthen the power of the conciliarists. Pope Julius II condemned the meeting and in response convoked the Fifth Lateran Council, which secured papal authority over conciliarism. This is the first edition of a record of the council published by Jean Petit for a French readership.

Summary: This is a short work by Staupitz on predestination.

Summary: This is a short work by Staupitz on predestination.

Summary: J. de Sacro Bosco was an English mathematician who taught in Paris after 1230. This work on astronomy was only the second by a Western scholar based on Arabic researches to be printed (1472). The book was frequently reprinted as here with a commentary by a famous modern scholar, in this case Melanchthon. Melanchthon's interest in astrology is well known, so it was natural for him to edit this material.

Summary: J. de Sacro Bosco was an English mathematician who taught in Paris after 1230. This work on astronomy was only the second by a Western scholar based on Arabic researches to be printed (1472). The book was frequently reprinted as here with a commentary by a famous modern scholar, in this case Melanchthon. Melanchthon's interest in astrology is well known, so it was natural for him to edit this material.

Summary: The Four Books of Sentences by Peter Lombard are a compilation of biblical text, writings of the Church Fathers and of medieval thinkers on various theological topics. It became the standard theological textbook of the Late Middle Ages.

Summary: The Four Books of Sentences by Peter Lombard are a compilation of biblical text, writings of the Church Fathers and of medieval thinkers on various theological topics. It became the standard theological textbook of the Late Middle Ages.

Summary: A 1525 printing of this most famous of all Melanchthon's theological works, first published in Wittenberg in 1521. The Loci Communes represent the most comrehensive systematic theology of the Lutheran reformation. Melanchthon continued to revise this work throughout his life.

Summary: A 1525 printing of this most famous of all Melanchthon's theological works, first published in Wittenberg in 1521. The Loci Communes represent the most comrehensive systematic theology of the Lutheran reformation. Melanchthon continued to revise this work throughout his life.

Summary: Funeral sermons and tributes for the Lutheran theologian Matthaeus Richter (also known as Matthaeus Judex). Also included are epitaphs for Anna von Bert (1533–1564), wife of the theologian Tilemann Heshusius.

Summary: Funeral sermons and tributes for the Lutheran theologian Matthaeus Richter (also known as Matthaeus Judex). Also included are epitaphs for Anna von Bert (1533–1564), wife of the theologian Tilemann Heshusius.

Summary: It was the practice at Wittenberg for the students to sharpen their logical and debating skills by responding to a set of theses proposed by the professor in the discipline in which they were working. These theses were often collected into book form for the use of the students and for the study of the topics by interested non-students. This group is from the early years of the Reformation, 1521-1522. Theses proposed in the Universität Wittenberg for the granting of doctoral degrees. In most cases the "respondents" are not indicated.

Summary: It was the practice at Wittenberg for the students to sharpen their logical and debating skills by responding to a set of theses proposed by the professor in the discipline in which they were working. These theses were often collected into book form for the use of the students and for the study of the topics by interested non-students. This group is from the early years of the Reformation, 1521-1522. Theses proposed in the Universität Wittenberg for the granting of doctoral degrees. In most cases the "respondents" are not indicated.

Summary: De laudibus sanctae crucis (On the praise of the Holy Cross) is a collection of poems and figures, including geometric shapes, letters, drawings and even complex miniatures produced in the early 9th century in the scriptorium of the Abbey at Fulda under the direction of Hrabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz, who also provided the commentary found in the work. The book is an important testimony to Carolingian book art.

Summary: De laudibus sanctae crucis (On the praise of the Holy Cross) is a collection of poems and figures, including geometric shapes, letters, drawings and even complex miniatures produced in the early 9th century in the scriptorium of the Abbey at Fulda under the direction of Hrabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz, who also provided the commentary found in the work. The book is an important testimony to Carolingian book art.

Summary: Popular doctrinal theology by the Lutheran reformer Johann Spangenberg, based on Melanchthon's Loci Communes, and written for use by pastors and ministers. The work was first published in 1540 and was re-issued and translated numerous times.

Summary: Popular doctrinal theology by the Lutheran reformer Johann Spangenberg, based on Melanchthon's Loci Communes, and written for use by pastors and ministers. The work was first published in 1540 and was re-issued and translated numerous times.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: This work on restitution usury and excommunication by Franciscus de Platea, an Italian Franciscan, was printed nine times in the 15th century, this edition being the second.

Summary: This work on restitution usury and excommunication by Franciscus de Platea, an Italian Franciscan, was printed nine times in the 15th century, this edition being the second.

Summary: This is the speech by J. Lange von Lemberg, Rector of the University of Leipzig, given at the end of the Leipzig Disputation. Lange von Lemberg takes no sides in the Disputation but praises all the contestants, especially Luther. This is the only printing of the work.

Summary: This is the speech by J. Lange von Lemberg, Rector of the University of Leipzig, given at the end of the Leipzig Disputation. Lange von Lemberg takes no sides in the Disputation but praises all the contestants, especially Luther. This is the only printing of the work.

Summary: This is the first printing of Eck's speech to the Diet of Regensburg on April 5, 1541, defining the Catholic understanding of the Lord's Supper. The Diet of Regensburg proved to be Eck's last appearance as a major theological political leader, for his health declined and he could no longer bear the weight of these grueling encounters.

Summary: This is the first printing of Eck's speech to the Diet of Regensburg on April 5, 1541, defining the Catholic understanding of the Lord's Supper. The Diet of Regensburg proved to be Eck's last appearance as a major theological political leader, for his health declined and he could no longer bear the weight of these grueling encounters.

Summary: This is the original Latin version of Melanchthon's funeral oration for Luther, preached in Wittenberg, February 22, 1546. The friendship between Luther and Melanchthon was almost legendary, even in their own lifetimes, and this deeply moving oration is an eloquent testimony to the depth of Melanchthon's feelings for his friend of twenty-eight years.

Summary: This is the original Latin version of Melanchthon's funeral oration for Luther, preached in Wittenberg, February 22, 1546. The friendship between Luther and Melanchthon was almost legendary, even in their own lifetimes, and this deeply moving oration is an eloquent testimony to the depth of Melanchthon's feelings for his friend of twenty-eight years.

Summary: A collection of works on astronomy, including works by Pierre Gassendi, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler.

Summary: A collection of works on astronomy, including works by Pierre Gassendi, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler.

Summary: A printed catalog of the Hofbibliothek in Vienna, Austria.

Summary: A printed catalog of the Hofbibliothek in Vienna, Austria.

Summary: "Editio princeps of perhaps the most influential religious emblem books" (Landwehr). Herman Hugo (1588-1629), born in Brussels, joined the Jesuit order in 1605, became Spinola's father confessor and accompanied the general in all his campaigns. He died of the plague at Reinberg. The engravings in this beautifully illustrated emblem book are attributed to Boetius à Bolswert (Boëce van Bolswert: ca. 1580-1633), who also is noted as the publisher (one illustration is signed "W. Simpson sculp.").

Summary: "Editio princeps of perhaps the most influential religious emblem books" (Landwehr). Herman Hugo (1588-1629), born in Brussels, joined the Jesuit order in 1605, became Spinola's father confessor and accompanied the general in all his campaigns. He died of the plague at Reinberg. The engravings in this beautifully illustrated emblem book are attributed to Boetius à Bolswert (Boëce van Bolswert: ca. 1580-1633), who also is noted as the publisher (one illustration is signed "W. Simpson sculp.").

Summary: The Pontificale Romanum contains the liturgical rites for the sacraments of confirmation and Holy orders performed by bishops. The work is called "liber pontificalis" (pontifical or papal book) here, as books bearing pontifical authority often were prior to the 16th century, but it should not be confused with the papal annals, also called Liber Pontificalis, which is used by historians of the early Roman Church

Summary: The Pontificale Romanum contains the liturgical rites for the sacraments of confirmation and Holy orders performed by bishops. The work is called "liber pontificalis" (pontifical or papal book) here, as books bearing pontifical authority often were prior to the 16th century, but it should not be confused with the papal annals, also called Liber Pontificalis, which is used by historians of the early Roman Church

Summary: A Vulgate Latin Bible, with the "glossa ordinaria" of Walafridus Strabo and others, the "glossa interlinearis" of Anselmus Laudunensis, the "postillae" of Nicolaus de Lyra, the "expositiones prologorum" of Guillelmus Brito, the "additiones" of Paulus Burgensis, and the "replicae" of Matthias Doring.

Summary: A Vulgate Latin Bible, with the "glossa ordinaria" of Walafridus Strabo and others, the "glossa interlinearis" of Anselmus Laudunensis, the "postillae" of Nicolaus de Lyra, the "expositiones prologorum" of Guillelmus Brito, the "additiones" of Paulus Burgensis, and the "replicae" of Matthias Doring.

Summary: Part one of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year, as edited by Martin Bucer, the Reformer of Strasbourg. Bound with part two. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

Summary: Part one of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year, as edited by Martin Bucer, the Reformer of Strasbourg. Bound with part two. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: Choir book, edited by the Lutheran theologian Georg Major (Meier). The work opens with biblical canticles and Psalms of praise, followed by various hymns, prayers and litanies.

Summary: Choir book, edited by the Lutheran theologian Georg Major (Meier). The work opens with biblical canticles and Psalms of praise, followed by various hymns, prayers and litanies.

Summary: This is a later (1548) printing of H.E. Hessus' poetic paraphrases in Latin of the books of Psalms and Ecclesiastes.

Summary: This is a later (1548) printing of H.E. Hessus' poetic paraphrases in Latin of the books of Psalms and Ecclesiastes.

Summary: Collection of documents issued by theologians in the Duchy of Württemberg and Victorinus Strigel concerning Strigel's Psalms commentary and his position in the synergistic controversy. Strigel supported the Philippist position that human will contributes to salvation, an idea that was rejected by the gnesio-Lutherans and by most of the theologians in Württemberg.

Summary: Collection of documents issued by theologians in the Duchy of Württemberg and Victorinus Strigel concerning Strigel's Psalms commentary and his position in the synergistic controversy. Strigel supported the Philippist position that human will contributes to salvation, an idea that was rejected by the gnesio-Lutherans and by most of the theologians in Württemberg.

Summary: First edition of this beautifully illustrated Jesuit emblem book. The work is dedicated to Leopold Archduke of Austria with a full-page dedicatory illustration and 162 numbered etched text emblems.

Summary: First edition of this beautifully illustrated Jesuit emblem book. The work is dedicated to Leopold Archduke of Austria with a full-page dedicatory illustration and 162 numbered etched text emblems.

Summary: S. Mazzolini was Master of the Sacred Palace (Vatican) in Rome, censor of books, and one of the first Catholic literary opponents of Luther. This is an early printing of the first work issued in opposition to Luther. Where the printing fits in bibliographically is still a matter of dispute. The work is in dialogue form and contains a refutation of Luther's 95 theses.

Summary: S. Mazzolini was Master of the Sacred Palace (Vatican) in Rome, censor of books, and one of the first Catholic literary opponents of Luther. This is an early printing of the first work issued in opposition to Luther. Where the printing fits in bibliographically is still a matter of dispute. The work is in dialogue form and contains a refutation of Luther's 95 theses.

Summary: When Pope Paul III called for a reform council at Mantua in 1536, the Protestants were faced with a dilemma. If they attended the council they would be recognizing the Pope's authority in such matters. If they refused, then it might appear that their calls for a general council had been insincere. The sticky task of responding to the pope's call fell upon Melanchthon. This is an edition of his response.

Summary: When Pope Paul III called for a reform council at Mantua in 1536, the Protestants were faced with a dilemma. If they attended the council they would be recognizing the Pope's authority in such matters. If they refused, then it might appear that their calls for a general council had been insincere. The sticky task of responding to the pope's call fell upon Melanchthon. This is an edition of his response.

Summary: A map of Rome including illustrations of historic buildings and churches of the city; and also includes names and insignia of the 14 regions of the city of Rome.

Summary: A map of Rome including illustrations of historic buildings and churches of the city; and also includes names and insignia of the 14 regions of the city of Rome.

Summary: Theobald Billican was educated at Heidelberg where he became a close friend of Melanchthon. He was drawn to Luther in 1518 when Luther disputed on scholasticism at the University of Heidelberg. This tract on the reformation in Nordlingen attempts to prove that the old "abuses" had been corrected and replaced with "purified" doctrines. Billican consciously constructs his discourse more along Erasmian lines than according to strictly Lutheran models.

Summary: Theobald Billican was educated at Heidelberg where he became a close friend of Melanchthon. He was drawn to Luther in 1518 when Luther disputed on scholasticism at the University of Heidelberg. This tract on the reformation in Nordlingen attempts to prove that the old "abuses" had been corrected and replaced with "purified" doctrines. Billican consciously constructs his discourse more along Erasmian lines than according to strictly Lutheran models.

Summary: When Luther received the replies of S. Mazzolini, the first man to take up the cudgels against Luther, he found the best course of reply to be a reprinting with notes of Mazzolini's inept rejoinders. Even the Catholics had to admit that Mazzolini's answers simply did not meet Luther's objections. This is the second printing of the work.

Summary: When Luther received the replies of S. Mazzolini, the first man to take up the cudgels against Luther, he found the best course of reply to be a reprinting with notes of Mazzolini's inept rejoinders. Even the Catholics had to admit that Mazzolini's answers simply did not meet Luther's objections. This is the second printing of the work.

Summary: Casper Schatzgeyer, or Sasgerus, was a Franciscan friar who became provincial of the Province of Strasbourg in 1517. He wrote about 23 books on theological topics and against members of other orders and sects, notably J. von Staupitz and A. Osiander. This book, however, criticizes two of Luther's tracts: On Monastic Vows and On the Abolition of the Private Mass. Luther persuaded Johann Briessmann to reply, and Schatzgeyer replied to Briessmann. This is the work's first printing.

Summary: Casper Schatzgeyer, or Sasgerus, was a Franciscan friar who became provincial of the Province of Strasbourg in 1517. He wrote about 23 books on theological topics and against members of other orders and sects, notably J. von Staupitz and A. Osiander. This book, however, criticizes two of Luther's tracts: On Monastic Vows and On the Abolition of the Private Mass. Luther persuaded Johann Briessmann to reply, and Schatzgeyer replied to Briessmann. This is the work's first printing.

A photographic reproduction of a drawing by Johannes Woudanus of the library at Leiden University, showing the organization of materials by topic.

A photographic reproduction of a drawing by Johannes Woudanus of the library at Leiden University, showing the organization of materials by topic.

Summary: This is Luther's final authorized edition of his Ninety-five Theses in book form with his own commentaries. The edition published by Rhau-Grunemberg had been so full of errors, that Luther gave the printing of this edition to Melchior Lotter in Leipzig.

Summary: This is Luther's final authorized edition of his Ninety-five Theses in book form with his own commentaries. The edition published by Rhau-Grunemberg had been so full of errors, that Luther gave the printing of this edition to Melchior Lotter in Leipzig.

Summary: A clarification of Luther's position regarding the Leipzig disputation, a public debate between the Catholic Johann Eck on the one side and Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the other. The work is preceded by a long letter to Spalatin, dated 15 Aug., 1519.

Summary: A clarification of Luther's position regarding the Leipzig disputation, a public debate between the Catholic Johann Eck on the one side and Luther and Andreas Karlstadt on the other. The work is preceded by a long letter to Spalatin, dated 15 Aug., 1519.

Summary: An analysis by Luther of the propositions debated by him, his colleague, Andreas Karlstadt, and Johann Eck at the Leipzig Debate of 1519.

Summary: An analysis by Luther of the propositions debated by him, his colleague, Andreas Karlstadt, and Johann Eck at the Leipzig Debate of 1519.

Summary: Response singed by 30 gnesio-Luther theologians, who had been expelled from the city of Jena.

Summary: Response singed by 30 gnesio-Luther theologians, who had been expelled from the city of Jena.

Summary: Eight-line note on rhetorical terms in 16th century Latin mss. on inside front cover; book plate and stamp of former owner Camille Aboussouan on inside front cover and verso of front flyleaf respectively; three Latin distichs identifying former owner as "Joannes Kenerus"; "Freht dich und gnad dir Gott": in ms. surrounds prrinter's device on title page; first few leaves with contemporary manuscript marginalia; "Statua Martis" in 16th century Latin mss. surrounds printer's device on last verso.

Summary: Eight-line note on rhetorical terms in 16th century Latin mss. on inside front cover; book plate and stamp of former owner Camille Aboussouan on inside front cover and verso of front flyleaf respectively; three Latin distichs identifying former owner as "Joannes Kenerus"; "Freht dich und gnad dir Gott": in ms. surrounds prrinter's device on title page; first few leaves with contemporary manuscript marginalia; "Statua Martis" in 16th century Latin mss. surrounds printer's device on last verso.

Summary: A collection of the works of Saint Isidore, of Seville.

Summary: A collection of the works of Saint Isidore, of Seville.

Summary: Latin text of the Papal Bull Ad Dominici gregis curam, issued June 4, 1536, for the Council of Mantua which was never held (council eventually took place in Trent).

Summary: Latin text of the Papal Bull Ad Dominici gregis curam, issued June 4, 1536, for the Council of Mantua which was never held (council eventually took place in Trent).

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: Includes Sermo in festo annuntiationis Virginis Marie, Sermo de predestinato numero damnatorum and Sermo de cathensis.

Summary: Includes Sermo in festo annuntiationis Virginis Marie, Sermo de predestinato numero damnatorum and Sermo de cathensis.

Summary: Publication by Matthias Flacius of correspondence between Pope Paul III and his legates and the courts of Emperor Charles V and King Henry of France. With this publication, Flacius had intended to expose deceptions by the Pope during the Council of Trent.

Summary: Publication by Matthias Flacius of correspondence between Pope Paul III and his legates and the courts of Emperor Charles V and King Henry of France. With this publication, Flacius had intended to expose deceptions by the Pope during the Council of Trent.

Summary: Part two of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year. Bound with part one. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

Summary: Part two of Luther's collected sermons on the historical Epistles and Gospels of the Church year. Bound with part one. Six volumes, in all, were issued, with the last appearing in 1527.

Summary: Response by King Henry VIII of England to Luther's attack on his book, "Assertio septem sacramentorum", on the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. This printing was issued in Leipzig by Hieronymous Emser, early opponent of Luther, with a reply by his ruler, Duke George of Saxony, and dedicated by Emser to Johann von Schleinitz, bishop of Meissen.

Summary: Response by King Henry VIII of England to Luther's attack on his book, "Assertio septem sacramentorum", on the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. This printing was issued in Leipzig by Hieronymous Emser, early opponent of Luther, with a reply by his ruler, Duke George of Saxony, and dedicated by Emser to Johann von Schleinitz, bishop of Meissen.

Summary: Series of copper engraved prints after Maarten de Vos' drawings of hermits.

Summary: Series of copper engraved prints after Maarten de Vos' drawings of hermits.

Summary: First edition of Ulrich Pinder's Passion narrative richly illustrated with 77 woodcut images (39 full page). Pinder was medical doctor, who had served as the court physician of the Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony. After 1493 he was the town physician for the city of Nuremberg, where he also wrote several medical tracts and published a variety of books with the printer Friedrich Peypus. For this work, Pinder employed the services of the engravers Hans Schaufelein, who contributed 39 woodcuts, and Hans Baldung Grien, who contributed 21 woodcuts.

Summary: First edition of Ulrich Pinder's Passion narrative richly illustrated with 77 woodcut images (39 full page). Pinder was medical doctor, who had served as the court physician of the Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony. After 1493 he was the town physician for the city of Nuremberg, where he also wrote several medical tracts and published a variety of books with the printer Friedrich Peypus. For this work, Pinder employed the services of the engravers Hans Schaufelein, who contributed 39 woodcuts, and Hans Baldung Grien, who contributed 21 woodcuts.

Summary: "Star of the Clergy" is an anonymous handbook on pastoral care. This manual was widely printed and copied. Lotter, the Leipzig printer who produced this edition, also published Luther's first work.

Summary: "Star of the Clergy" is an anonymous handbook on pastoral care. This manual was widely printed and copied. Lotter, the Leipzig printer who produced this edition, also published Luther's first work.

Summary: Johannes von Paltz (or Pals) was an Augustinian preacher and seller of indulgences. He was on the teaching faculty at the University of Erfurt at the time Martin Luther was enrolled as a student. He had published a collection of sermons under title Celifodina in 1502. It was so popular that he published the supplement in 1504. This is the second edition.

Summary: Johannes von Paltz (or Pals) was an Augustinian preacher and seller of indulgences. He was on the teaching faculty at the University of Erfurt at the time Martin Luther was enrolled as a student. He had published a collection of sermons under title Celifodina in 1502. It was so popular that he published the supplement in 1504. This is the second edition.

Summary:

Summary:

Summary: The Spanish scholar Raymond of Sabunde was professor of medicine, philosophy, and theology at the University of Toulouse during the early fifteenth century. His study of natural theology came under the scrutiny of the Council of Trent, which placed its prologue on the index. This particular copy has been censored: the prologue, (leaf A6) has been either inked out or cut away.

Summary: The Spanish scholar Raymond of Sabunde was professor of medicine, philosophy, and theology at the University of Toulouse during the early fifteenth century. His study of natural theology came under the scrutiny of the Council of Trent, which placed its prologue on the index. This particular copy has been censored: the prologue, (leaf A6) has been either inked out or cut away.

Summary: This impotant work on natural theology was written by the Catalan scholar Raymond of Sabunde 1434-1436 and was circulated widely in manuscript form before being printed in Deventer 1484-85 and reprinted numerous times. Raymond places great emphasis on reason and argues that science is not antithetical to faith but that the Bible and the book of Nature should both be seen as divine revelation.

Summary: This impotant work on natural theology was written by the Catalan scholar Raymond of Sabunde 1434-1436 and was circulated widely in manuscript form before being printed in Deventer 1484-85 and reprinted numerous times. Raymond places great emphasis on reason and argues that science is not antithetical to faith but that the Bible and the book of Nature should both be seen as divine revelation.

Summary: Latin grammar written by the English humanist Thomas Linacre. The preface was written by Philipp Melanchthon.

Summary: Latin grammar written by the English humanist Thomas Linacre. The preface was written by Philipp Melanchthon.

Summary: Only printing of a pamphlet by Karlstadt attacking Johann Eck on issues that emerged during their disputation at Leipzig 1519, in particular the interpretation of scripture and the question of free will and its relation to the grace of God.

Summary: Only printing of a pamphlet by Karlstadt attacking Johann Eck on issues that emerged during their disputation at Leipzig 1519, in particular the interpretation of scripture and the question of free will and its relation to the grace of God.

Summary: Text of Gospels in Arabic, with interlinear Latin translation.

Summary: Text of Gospels in Arabic, with interlinear Latin translation.