An embroidered depiction of the original building of the Chongkyo Methodist Church on silk. Chongkyo Methodist Church was built and founded by missionaries from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in Seoul, Korea, in the early 1900s and was part of the Seoul Circuit of the Korea Conference. The piece shows the original church building with a selection of Korean figures, men and women, approaching or walking by the church. A dedication is embroidered across the top of the work. The embroidery is done in traditional Korean style common towards the late Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) and includes intricate details, including the brickwork and roof tiles.

Revising a Legacy

The History of Chongkyo Methodist Church


An embroidered depiction of the original building of the Chongkyo Methodist Church on silk. Chongkyo Methodist Church was built and founded by missionaries from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in Seoul, Korea, in the early 1900s and was part of the Seoul Circuit of the Korea Conference. The piece shows the original church building with a selection of Korean figures, men and women, approaching or walking by the church. A dedication is embroidered across the top of the work. The embroidery is done in traditional Korean style common towards the late Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) and includes intricate details, including the brickwork and roof tiles.

Still image

픔념긔별젼

이 작품은 피츠의 숨겨진 유산이 발견되고, 분석되고, 수정되고, 확장되는 과정을 보여주는 완벽한 예시들 중 하나입니다. 수필 형태의 글을 토대로, 2023년 4월부터 시작된 약 1년간의 연구 여정 타임라인에 따라 이 작품에 대한 위 과정들을 소개하는 방식을 통해, 작품에 대한 소개 그리고 해석과 더불어 우리가 꿈꿀 수 있는 유의미한 미래의 청사진을 제시하고자 합니다.

This work is a perfect example of how the hidden legacies at Pitts were discovered, analyzed, revised, and expanded. In the following essay-type description introducing the above processes through a timeline of an approximately year-long research journey starting in April 2023, I (Sangeon Kim) will introduce and interpret the work, as well as present meaningful ideas that we can dream of, and a blueprint for the future.

PLEASE NOTE: The following interview is in Korean. Korean and English subtitles are forthcoming.

An embroidered depiction of the original building of the Chongkyo Methodist Church on silk. Chongkyo Methodist Church was built and founded by missionaries from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in Seoul, Korea, in the early 1900s and was part of the Seoul Circuit of the Korea Conference. The piece shows the original church building with a selection of Korean figures, men and women, approaching or walking by the church. A dedication is embroidered across the top of the work. The embroidery is done in traditional Korean style common towards the late Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) and includes intricate details, including the brickwork and roof tiles.

Still image

Detail of a man approaching the door to Chongkyo Methodist Church

Discovering

April 2023

2023년 봄 학기 어느 날, 모든 것은 피츠 도서관장님이신 보 박사님이 나의 수퍼바이저 브리나 선생님을 통해 피츠 1층에 있는 작품에 대해 아는 지 물어보신 것에서 시작했습니다. 그 작품은 오래 된 자수 작품이었으며, 그 작품의 설명 택은 그 작품 속 교회가 정동제일교회 베델 예배당임을 말하고 있었습니다. 그 외 이 작품에 대해 아무것도 알려지지 않은 상황에서, 이 작품에 대해 보다 더 깊은 관심이 생겼습니다. 왜냐하면, 나는 110년이 더 되었지만 고유의 색을 여전히 간직하고 있는 이 작품이 분명 우리에게 무언가를 암시하는 것 같았기 때문입니다!

It all started one day in the spring semester of 2023 when Dr. Bo, the director of the Pitts library, requested that my supervisor, Brinna Michael, ask me if I knew about the artwork on the first floor of the library. The work was an old embroidery work, and the description of the work said that the church depicted was Chungdong First Church Bethel Chapel. In a situation where nothing else was known about this work, deeper interest arose in my mind. I felt like this work, which is over 110 years old but still retains its original color, clearly hinted at something to us!

An embroidered depiction of the original building of the Chongkyo Methodist Church on silk. Chongkyo Methodist Church was built and founded by missionaries from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in Seoul, Korea, in the early 1900s and was part of the Seoul Circuit of the Korea Conference. The piece shows the original church building with a selection of Korean figures, men and women, approaching or walking by the church. A dedication is embroidered across the top of the work. The embroidery is done in traditional Korean style common towards the late Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) and includes intricate details, including the brickwork and roof tiles.

Still image

Title and Attribution

Analyzing

May - August 2023

2023년 5-8월 방학기간을 이용해서 한국에 갔을 때, 나는 작품의 설명 택에 언급된 정동제일교회에 방문하여 작품과 관련된 질문들을 문의했습니다. 그러나 만나는 사람들 모두 그 작품 속 교회가 정동제일교회와 관련이 없다고 답했습니다. 미궁에 빠진 작품 속 교회 분석을 위해, 나는 세 가지, 즉 작품 속 내용, 작품 속 교회 외관, 그리고 작품의 배경에 대한 보다 더 철저한 분석이 필요했습니다.

When I went to Korea during the summer vacation (May-August 2023), I visited the Chungdong First Methodist Church mentioned in the description of the work and asked questions related to the embroidery. However, everyone I met answered that the church in the work is not related to Chungdong First Methodist Church. To analyze the church in the embroidery, therefore, I needed a more thorough analysis of three things: the content of the work, the exterior of the church in the work, and the background of the work.

The Content of the Artwork

작품은 우리에게 여러 가지 정보를 주고 있습니다. 정리하자면, 이 작품은 1913년 6월에 서울의 종교, 자교, 그리고 석교 교회 교우 일동이 전요섭 장로사(지금의 감리사)와 그의 부인에게 준 선물입니다.

The work gives us pieces of information. Therefore, this work was a gift given to District Superintendent Joseph Gerdine and his wife by all the congregations of Chongkyo, Jagyo, and Seokkyo churches in Seoul in June 1913.

Section Information Type Content
중앙 위 (Top Center) 작품 제목 (Title) 픔념긔별젼 (전별기념품) – 전별 기념품 (Farewell Gift)
중앙 아래 (Bottom Center) 작품 시기 (Date) 일 월륙년삼십백구쳔일성강쥬 (주 강성일 천구백십삼년륙월 일) – 1913년 6월 (June, 1913)
오른 쪽 (Rightside) 증여자 (Endowers)

죠션셔울종교자교셕교 례배당 교우 일동
(Joseon Dynasty: the last and longest-lived imperial dynasty (1392–1910) of Korea)

조선 서울 종교, 자교, 그리고 석교 교회 교우 일동
(The Congregations of Chongkyo, Jagyo, and Seokkyo Churches in Seoul, Joseon)

왼쪽 (Leftside) 수여자 (Recipient) 젼요셥 쟝로사 동부인 각하 (전요섭 장로사 동부인 각하) – 전요섭 장로사와 부인께 (To District Superintendent Joseph Gerdine and his wife)
An embroidered depiction of the original building of the Chongkyo Methodist Church on silk. Chongkyo Methodist Church was built and founded by missionaries from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in Seoul, Korea, in the early 1900s and was part of the Seoul Circuit of the Korea Conference. The piece shows the original church building with a selection of Korean figures, men and women, approaching or walking by the church. A dedication is embroidered across the top of the work. The embroidery is done in traditional Korean style common towards the late Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) and includes intricate details, including the brickwork and roof tiles.

픔념긔별젼

Chongkyo Methodist Church

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From Wikimedia: 정동교회 정문방향 사진

서울특별시

Chungdong First Methodist Church

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Exterior of the Church

이 작품이 주는 정보를 토대로, 작품 속에 언급된 종교교회에 들렀습니다. 종교교회 역사 부서 이봉진 장로님과 박혜경 학예사님은 나에게 1910년에 지어진 자신들의 첫 번째 건물의 사진을 보여주며 단서를 제공해주었습니다.

전해 받은 자료 를 통해 확인된 종교교회 첫 예배당의 외관은 그 작품 속 교회 건물이 종교 교회의 첫 건물과 같다는 것을 분명하게 말해주고 있었습니다.

Based on the information provided in this work, I stopped by the Chongkyo Methodist Church mentioned in the work. Lay Elder Bongjin Lee and Curator Hyekyeong Park from Chongkyo Methodist Church History Department showed me a photo of their first building, built in 1910, and it was a definite clue.

The exterior of the first chapel of Chongkyo Methodist Church confirmed through the information received clearly shows that the church building in the work is the same as the first sanctuary of Chongkyo Methodist Church.

Revising

September 2023

이 작품에 대한 이러한 분석을 통해 우리는 이 유산의 정보 수정이 필요함을 확인했습니다. 그러므로 작품 속 내용과 교회 외형의 모습, 그리고 작품의 배경에 근거하여, 피츠 도서관의 자수 작품 속에 등장하는 교회 건물은 정동제일 교회의 벧엘 예배당이 아니라, 종교교회의 첫 예배당입니다.

Through this analysis of this work, I and my supervisor Brinna Michael confirmed that the information on the artwork’s label needs to be revised. Based on the content in the work, therefore, the exterior of the church building, and the background of the work, the church building that appears in embroidery work is not the Bethel Chapel of Chungdong First Church, but the first sanctuary of Chongkyo Methodist Church.

Passport application no. 265091 for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine, issued in 1923.

Passport application for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine

Photo accompanying Gerdine's 1923 passport application.

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Passport application no. 63634 for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine, issued in 1908.

Passport application for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine

1908 Passport Application

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Passport application no. 44349 for Joseph L Gerdine and E D Gerdine, issued in 1911.

Passport application for Joseph L Gerdine and E D Gerdine

1911 Passport Application

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Passport application no. 16881 for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine and Eleanor Daisy Dye Gerdine, issued in 1918.

Passport application for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine and Eleanor Daisy Dye Gerdine

1918 Passport Application

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Passport application no. 44440 for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine and Eleanor D, issued in 1921.

Passport application for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine and Eleanor D

1921 Passport Application

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Passport application no. 265091 for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine, issued in 1923.

Passport application for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine

1923 Passport Application

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Expanding

October 2023 - April 2024

이 연구는 여기서 멈추지 않았고, 해당 작품의 수여자인 전요셥 장로사(지금의 감리사)에 대한 연구로 이어졌습니다. 전요셥 장로사의 영문 본명은 Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine 입니다.

1895년, 윤치호의 요청으로 MECS의 한국 선교가 시작되었습니다.1 타 교단보다 한국 선교는 늦었지만, 그만큼 열정적이고 적극적인 전도 방법으로 그들은 한국기독교회의 첫 기념비적인 부흥인 평양대부흥 운동으로 직결 되었던 원산 대부흥 운동을 주도했습니다. MECS가 하디 선교사를 중심으로 전국적인 영성 퍼포먼스를 이어나갈 때, 한국 선교의 중심이었던 서울 구역을 맡아 행정과 목회 돌봄을 착실히 하며 베이스 캠프를 지키던 사람이 바로 조셉 저다인 선교사였습니다.2 그는 곧 늘어나는 교인 수에 맞춰서 서울 지역구의 중심인 자골교회를 종교교회로 확장 이전하는 동시에 종교교회 건물을 새로 건축할 것을 알렸습니다.3 그가 교회를 짓겠다고 선언한 것은 1908년이며,4 교회 완성은 1910이고,5 같은 해 저다인 선교사님은 종교교회 담당 목사로 임명 받게 됩니다. 그런 후, 1913년에 다시 미국으로 돌아옵니다. 이 모든 일이 5년 만에 일어났습니다. 그리고 이것은 놀랍게도 그의 투철한 준법정신과 일치합니다. 법대 출신으로서 선교사인 동시에 변호사였던 저다인 선교사님은 당시 미국 여권 유효기간에 따라 사역을 유지해나갔습니다. 당시 미국 정부에 의해 기록된 저다인의 출입국 기록 을 보면, 1908년부터 1913년까지 한국에 체류한 후 것으로 나타납니다.6 그렇기 때문에 1913년에 미국으로 돌아가는 상황에서 그는 당시 남감리교 서울 구역 모든 교인들로부터 그가 지은 교회 건물을 자수 놓은 전별기념품을 받은 것입니다. 이후 그는 1914 오클라호마 총회에 한국연회 대표로 참여하여 한국 선교 보고의 임무를 완수했습니다.7 저다인 선교사에 대한 이러한 추가 정보들은 해당 작품이 왜 종교, 자교, 석교 교인들에 의해 1913년 6월에 조셉 저다인 선교사님에게 수여된 전별기념품이었는지 충분한 근거를 제공해줍니다.

This research did not stop there and continued with research on District Superintendant Yo-seop Jeon, the recipient of the work. Yo-seop Jeon's real name in English is Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine.

In 1895, at the request of Tsi-ho Yun, MECS' missionary work in Korea began.1 Although they were later in Korean missionary work than other denominations, they led the Wonsan Revival in 1903, which led directly to the Pyongyang Revival in 1907, the first monumental revival of the Korean Christianity, with their passionate and active evangelistic methods. When MECS continued its nationwide spiritual ministry and evangelism centered on Missionary Robert Hardie, the pastor who took charge of the Seoul district, which was the center of Korean missions, was Joseph Gerdine,2 and he maintained the base camp while providing thorough administrative and pastoral care. He soon announced that Cha-gol Church, the center of the Seoul district, would be expanded and relocated to Chongkyo Methodist Church to accommodate the increasing number of church members, and that a new building of Chongkyo Methodist Church would be built.3 It was in 1908 that Joseph Gerdine declared that he would build a church,4 and the church was completed in 1910.5 In the same year, Missionary Joseph Gerdine was appointed as the lead pastor in charge of Chongkyo Methodist Church by the Korean Mission annual conference. Then, in 1913, he returned to the United States. All of this happened in 5 years. Surprisingly, this matches his strong law-abiding spirit. Joseph Gerdine, a law graduate who was both a missionary and a lawyer, maintained his ministry according to his visa status and the expiration date of his U.S. passport at the time. His immigration records, recorded by the U.S. government at the time, show that he stayed in Korea from 1908 to 1913.6 That is why, when he returned to the United States in 1913, he received a farewell souvenir embroidered with the church building he had built from all the members of MECS Korean churches in Seoul at the time. Afterwards, he participated in the General Conference in Oklahoma 1914 as a representative of the Korean Mission Conference and completed the mission of reporting on Korean missions.7 This additional information about Missionary Joseph Gerdine provide sufficient evidence as to why the work was a farewell souvenir given to Missionary Joseph Gerdine in June 1913 by MECS Korean Churches: Chongkyo, Jagyo, and Seokkyo.

Dreaming

April 2024

작품 하나에서 출발한 이 연구는 아직 세상에 잘 알려지지 않은 저다인 선교사님을 조명했고, 나아가 잃어버린 감리교 유산을 찾기 위한 여정의 시작을 알렸습니다. 우리는 현재 조지아 출신인 저다인 선교사님의 후손들을 찾고자 노력하고 있으며, 이를 위해 종교교회 담임목사님인 전창희 목사님과 역사팀의 많은 분들이 관심을 갖고 협조하고 있습니다. 이미 피츠 도서관 관계자 분들과 종교교회 관계자 분들의 웨비나 형태의 모임이 있었으며, 초국적 관점에서 양 국의 유의미한 종교적 유산을 찾는 데에 뜻을 모았습니다.

이것은 나아가 한국교회의 부흥에 대한 깊은 연구로 이어집니다. 작년 여름 헬렌 교수님의 강의를 바탕으로 저는 부흥에 대한 인식의 변화와 관련하여 "부흥 포럼"을 열었습니다.8 헬렌 교수님의 주장 처럼 한국과 미국 간 초국가적 관점에 근거하여, 정연수 감독님, 김홍기 총장님, 서영석 교수님, 그리고 수 많은 젊은 세대 한국 목회자 분들과 한국 교회가 경험한 부흥의 역사를 되짚어 보고 다가올 부흥에 대해 심도 깊은 토론을 했습니다.

이렇게, 피츠신학도서관에 숨겨져 있던 하나의 작은 연구는 역사의 수정을 넘어 한국교회 미래의 청사진을 제공하는 단서가 되어 주었습니다. 이것이 믿어 지십니까? 앞으로의 추가 연구가 기대됩니다!

This study, which started from a single, hidden work, shed light on Missionary Joseph Gerdine, who is not yet well known to the world, and further announced the beginning of a journey to find a lost Methodist heritage. Rev. Changhee Jeon, lead pastor of Chongkyo Methodist Church, and members of Chongkyo Methodist Church History Department are interested in learning more about Joseph Gerdine in partnership with Pitts Theology Library, and perhaps by establishing contact with his descendants. There has already been a webinar-style meeting between Pitts staff and Chongkyo Methodist Church officials in February 2024, and they are planning ways to find meaningful religious heritage of both countries from a transnational perspective.

This further leads to in-depth research on the revival of the Korean church. Last summer, based on my learning from Dr. Helen Jin Kim's lecture, I hosted a "Revival Forum" regarding the changed understanding on revival of Korean Christianity.8 As Dr. Helen Jin Kim's opinion of the transnational perspective between the two regions: Korea and North America, we looked back on the history of revival of the Korean church with Bishop Yunsoo Chung, Rev. Dr. Hongki Kim, Rev. Dr. Youngseok Seo, and 15 younger generation Korean pastors. Also, we discussed the coming revival in the future.

In this way, a small legacy hidden in the Pitts Theology Library became a clue that went beyond revising history and provided a blueprint for the future of the Korean church. Can you believe this? Looking forward to further research in the future!

Interested in learning more about the history of Chongkyo Methodist Church? Check out the official published history, 종교교회사 (2005), available at Pitts Theology Library.

Select a legacy to explore:

1 "The Korea Mission," Annual Report of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Board of MIssions 64 (1910): 17-19.

2 J.L. Gerdine, "The Korea Mission: Report of the District," Annual Report of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Board of Missions 62 (1908): 41-48.

3 "The Korea Mission," Annual Report of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Board of Missions 63 (1909): 43.

4 "General Review: Comparative Statement for the Quadrennium 1906-10," Annual Report of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Board of Missions 64 (1910): 9.

5 "The Korea Mission," Annual Report of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Board of Missions 66 (1912): 112.

6 "United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925," image, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV5B-9K8F : accessed 19 April 2024), Passport Application no. 44440 for Joseph Lumpkin Gerdine and Eleanor D, 1921; citing NARA microfilm publication M1490 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

7 "Delegates Elect to the Seventeenth General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South," Journal of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South 17 (1914): 4.

8 Candler Advantage Advanced Summer Internship in Congregational Leadership